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After he had only tightly lost the election in July 2006, Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his Coalición claimed fraud and asserted that unfair conditions during the campaign had diminished his chances to win the presidency. The paper investigates this latter allegation centering on a perceived campaign of hate, unequal access to campaign resources and malicious treatment by the mass media. It further analyzes the mass media’s performance during the conflictual post electoral period until the final decision of the Federal Electoral Tribunal on September 5th, 2006. While the media’s performance during the campaign tells us about their compliance with fair media coverage mechanisms that have been implemented by electoral reforms in the 1990s, the mass media is uncontained by such measures after the election. Thus, their mode of coverage of the postelectoral conflicts allows us to “test” the mass media’s transformation to a more unbiased, social responsible “fourth estate”. Finally the paper scrutinizes whether the claims of fraud and the protests by the leftist movement resulted in lower levels of institutional trust and democratic support. The analysis of the media performance is based on data provided by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE). Its Media Monitor encompassed more than 150 TV stations, 240 radio stations and 200 press publications. However, there is no comparable data available for the postelectoral period. Interviews with Mexican media experts, which the author has conducted during the postelectoral period, serve as empirical basis for the second part. Data on the public opinions and attitudes of Mexican citizens are taken from the 2007 Latinobarometro, the 2006 Encuesta Nacional and several polls conducted by Grupo Reforma. The results do not support López Obradors notions. Even though a strong party bias is characteristic of the Mexican media system, all findings hint at a continuity of balanced campaign coverage and fair access to mass media publicity. Coverage during the postelectoral period was more polarized, yet both sides remained at least partially open for oppositional views. The claims of fraud, mass protest mobilization and anti-institutional discourse by Lopez Obrador’s leftist movement seem not to have caused significant loss in institutional trust, support of and satisfaction with democracy, even though these levels remain quite low.
Iterative arrays (IAs) are a, parallel computational model with a sequential processing of the input. They are one-dimensional arrays of interacting identical deterministic finite automata. In this note, realtime-lAs with sublinear space bounds are used to accept formal languages. The existence of a proper hierarchy of space complexity classes between logarithmic anel linear space bounds is proved. Furthermore, an optimal spacc lower bound for non-regular language recognition is shown. Key words: Iterative arrays, cellular automata, space bounded computations, decidability questions, formal languages, theory of computation
Die Auswertungen der EVS 2003 zur Höhe und Struktur der Konsumausgaben der Paarhaushalte mit einem Kind im unteren Einkommensbereich erfolgten vorrangig mit dem Ziel, Anhaltspunkte zur Beurteilung des gegenwärtigen Niveaus der mit Arbeitslosengeld II und Sozialgeld gegebenen Grundsicherung von Familien zu erarbeiten. Die Ergebnisse vermitteln einen ersten Eindruck über die insgesamt stark eingeschränkten Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Familien mit Bezug von Grundsicherungsleistungen. ...
Die zielsprachliche Verwendung des Artikels als grammatikalisiertem Mittel der NP-Determination im Deutschen stellt im Zweitspracherwerb besonders für Deutschlernende mit einer artikellosen Muttersprache eine große Schwierigkeit dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die NP-Determination auf der Basis eines Spontansprachkorpus, welches Erwerbsdaten einer achtjährigen russischen Deutschlernenden in einer frühen und einer späten Erwerbsphase liefert. Das Ziel der Untersuchung ist, Erkenntnisse über Entwicklungsverlauf, Transferphänomene und insbesondere referenzsemantische und phonologische Determinanten der Artikelwahl zu gewinnen.
Children […] growing up with highly inflected languages such as Modern Greek will frequently hear different grammatical forms of a given lexeme used in different grammatical and semantic-pragmatic contexts. In spite of the fact that the Greek noun is not as highly inflected as the verb, acquisition of nominal inflection of this inflecting-fusional language is quite complex, comprising the three categories of case, number, and gender. As is usual in this type of language, the formation of case-number forms obeys different patterns that apply to largely arbitrary classes of nominal lexemes partially based on gender. Further, frequency of the occurrence of the three gender classes and case-number forms of nouns greatly differs in spoken Greek, regarding both the types and tokens. […] [A] child learning an inflecting-fusional language like Greek must construct different inflectional patterns depending not only on parts of speech but also on subclasses within a given part of speech, such as gender classes of nouns and inflectional classes within or (exceptionally) across genders. It is therefore to be expected that the early development of case and number distinctions will apply to specific nouns and subclasses of nouns rather than the totality of Greek nouns. The two main theoretical approaches of morphological development that will be discussed in the present paper are the usage-based approach and the pre- and protomorphology approach.
Shloyme Etinger
(2007)
Ayzik-Meyer Dik
(2007)
Yankev Morgenshtern
(2007)
Zum Ordnungswert des § 136 InsO „Reform besteht in der Entfernung des Überflüssigen“. Das ist der Wahlspruch des Entwurfes zum MoMiG. Unsere unzeitgemäße GmbH soll eine Neugestalt erhalten, damit sie den aufkommenden Wettbewerb mit ihren europäischen Verwandten aushalte. Die Ära regionaler Sonderwege habe zu enden und das ist ein Verdikt vor allem über das national-eigensinnige Eigenkapitalersatzrecht: Dieses soll, vereinfacht gesagt, in seiner Sanktionsschärfe gemäßigt, in die InsO überführt und von dem unsicheren Krisenbegriff befreit werden. Wer so großräumig denkt, verliert sich über dem scheinbar Kleinen. Niemand fragt nach der Zukunft des § 136 InsO. Es wäre Unrecht zu glauben, hier werde nur die Rückgewähr stiller Einlagen für anfechtbar erklärt und das stehe neben dem Reformthema. Der Beitrag wird zeigen: dass erstens auch § 136 InsO in Wahrheit die heute mit dem Wort „Eigenkapitalersatz“ bezeichnete Ordnungsaufgabe zu lösen sucht und zweitens mit dem neuen Recht scharfe Wertungswidersprüche entstehen; diese sind drittens nur auf einem Weg zu beheben: durch Streichung des § 136 InsO.
The present paper introduces a new dataset, the Rand American Life Panel (ALP), which offers several appealing features for an analysis of financial literacy and retirement planning. It allows us to evaluate financial knowledge during workers’ prime earning years when they are making key financial decisions, and it offers detailed financial literacy and retirement planning questions, permitting a finer assessment of respondents’ financial literacy than heretofore feasible. We can also compare respondents’ self-assessed financial knowledge levels with objective measures of financial literacy, and most valuably, we can investigate prior financial training which permits us to identify key causal links. By every measure, and in every sample we examine, financial literacy proves to be a key determinant of retirement planning. We also find that respondent literacy is higher when they were exposed to economics in school and to company-based financial education programs. JEL Classification: D91