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We focus on a quantitative assessment of rigid labor markets in an environment of stable monetary policy. We ask how wages and labor market shocks feed into the inflation process and derive monetary policy implications. Towards that aim, we structurally model matching frictions and rigid wages in line with an optimizing rationale in a New Keynesian closed economy DSGE model. We estimate the model using Bayesian techniques for German data from the late 1970s to present. Given the pre-euro heterogeneity in wage bargaining we take this as the first-best approximation at hand for modelling monetary policy in the presence of labor market frictions in the current European regime. In our framework, we find that labor market structure is of prime importance for the evolution of the business cycle, and for monetary policy in particular. Yet shocks originating in the labor market itself may contain only limited information for the conduct of stabilization policy. JEL - Klassifikation: J64 , E32 , C11 , E52
Challenging and confirming touristic representations of the Mediterranean : migrant workers in Crete
(2006)
From the perspective of Western Europe the Mediterranean is shaped by the imagery of tourism and migration. During the time of the “guest worker”-migration in the 1960s and 70s the notion of the hopelessly underdeveloped South of Europe which pushes “guest workers” towards the rich North became prevalent here. It offered a contrast which let the beginning prosperity in the North appear even clearer. (see von Osten 2006) Besides the attractions “sea, sun and sand” it was exactly this conception of backwardness which – reinterpreted in authentic and traditional Mediterranean lifestyle – made the area attractive for tourist consumption. Today it is again pictures of the Mediterranean, which represent migration dynamics in Europe. In the meantime, however, the countries of origin of the “guest workers” have become countries of immigration and European Union member states or candidates for accession. The representation of the Mediterranean as an area of migration is dominated now by pictures of desperate refugees and illegal immigrants, who risk their life by crossing the sea, in order to enter the “fortress Europe”. In these current representations the “colonial narrative of migrants as members of a territory of underdeveloped” is continued (ibid.). A translation of the migrant area into the tourist area seems, however, more difficult than at the times of the “guest worker”-migration. What constitutes the Mediterranean as a tourist destination seems to have no longer anything in common with the Mediterranean as an area of migration.....
The present article explores perceptions and cultural constructions of the terms capitalism or capitalistic West among ex-Soviet, highly qualified Jewish migrants from Russia and Ukraine after their emigration to Germany between 1990 and 1996. It seems that migration offers a unique opportunity to migrants to realise knowledge that is normally taken for granted, behaviour schemes and values, and to reflect on them. How do they acquire such presumed capitalist knowledge of the new society and new social world, how do they create it, and with what concrete contents do they connect the illusion about monolithic cultural, economic and political capital, the illusion which contributes to group formation and which serves as action orientation? As my research shows, immigrants try to disparage much of what appeared to them in the Soviet Union as normative, right and appropriate; now they often act by way of categories, which were defined in the previous context as "capitalist" and were interpreted as immoral. Without exact ideas or knowledge about behaviour codes, unspoken norms and silent values from the new society, many immigrants orient themselves towards the opposite of what was counted as morally proper in the origin society. Simultaneously they revive old system through the establishing and development of a Russian language enclave. Nevertheless this enclave is not located in a vacuum of "dusty" memories from the past, but build transnational cross-border space connected and corresponding to the processes of to-day's CIS and with the life of those relatives and friends who still live there, und with whom the emigrants share intensive social networks.
Die Aktiengesellschaft ist die klassische Rechtsform des Großunternehmens; sie ist als Rechtsinstitution speziell zum Zweck der Gründung und Leitung von Großunternehmen ausgebildet worden. Das gilt auch für die Formen ihrer Finanzierung (Aktiengesellschaft als „Kapitalsammelbecken“), und zwar nicht nur der Außenfinanzierung durch Eigenkapital. Auch die Formen und besonderen Merkmale der Fremdkapitalfinanzierung der großen Aktiengesellschaft erklären sich daraus, daß hier große Kapitalbeträge nicht durch einen einzelnen oder eine kleine Gruppe von Investoren mit Hilfe eigener Mittel, sondern mittelbar oder unmittelbar durch das Publikum aufgebracht werden sollen, weil die erforderlichen Eigenmittel Einzelpersonen entweder nicht zu Gebote stehen, oder sich die Eigenmittelfinanzierung durch Einzelpersonen aus Erwägungen der Risikostreuung verbietet. In diesem Falle muß das Publikum angesprochen werden. Bei der Fremdkapitalfinanzierung geschieht dies auf zwei Wegen: Durch Einschaltung eines Finanzintermediärs, typischerweise eines Kreditinstituts, dem die Investoren ihre Gelder als Einlagen anvertrauen, und das diese Gelder in Unternehmenskredite transformiert, oder durch gezielte Ansprache des Kapitalmarkts seitens des kapitalnachfragenden Unternehmens, z. B. durch Emission einer Anleihe. Die Vergabe von Unternehmenskrediten durch ein Kreditinstitut wird allerdings herkömmlich nicht mit der Unternehmensfinanzierung durch das Publikum in Verbindung gebracht. Vielmehr wird die bankgestützte Unternehmensfinanzierung geradezu als Gegensatz zur Publikumsfinanzierung verstanden. Hartmut Schmidt hat aber bereits 1986 darauf hingewiesen, daß Anteilsmärkte und Kreditmärkte funktional dieselben Aufgaben erfüllen. Diese Sichtweise hat sich durchgesetzt. Aus heutiger institutionenökonomischer Sicht hat die Kreditfinanzierung durch einen Finanzintermediär, also etwa durch ein Kreditinstitut, das sich, neben dem Eigenkapital seiner Aktionäre, vor allem durch Einlagen seiner Kunden, also des Publikums, refinanziert, dieselbe Funktion wie die unmittelbare (Anleihe-) Finanzierung durch das Publikum; darauf ist sogleich zurückzukommen. Der folgende rechtshistorische Rückblick belegt, daß Entwicklung und Einsatz des mit Depositen refinanzierten Großkredits und die Entwicklung der Anleihefinanzierung der Aktiengesellschaft in Deutschland etwa zur selben Zeit eingesetzt haben.
We evaluate the asset pricing implications of a class of models in which risk sharing is imperfect because of the limited enforcement of intertemporal contracts. Lustig (2004) has shown that in such a model the asset pricing kernel can be written as a simple function of the aggregate consumption growth rate and the growth rate of consumption of the set of households that do not face binding enforcement constraints in that state of the world. These unconstrained households have lower consumption growth rates than constrained households, i.e. they are located in the lower tail of the crosssectional consumption growth distribution. We use household consumption data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate the pricing kernel implied by the model and to evaluate its performance in pricing aggregate risk. We employ the same data to construct aggregate consumption and to derive the standard complete markets pricing kernel. We find that the limited enforcement pricing kernel generates a market price of risk that is substantially larger than the standard complete markets asset pricing kernel. Klassifizierung: G12, D53, D52, E44
A resampling method based on the bootstrap and a bias-correction step is developed for improving the Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecasting ability of the normal-GARCH model. Compared to the use of more sophisticated GARCH models, the new method is fast, easy to implement, numerically reliable, and, except for having to choose a window length L for the bias-correction step, fully data driven. The results for several different financial asset returns over a long out-of-sample forecasting period, as well as use of simulated data, strongly support use of the new method, and the performance is not sensitive to the choice of L. Klassifizierung: C22, C53, C63, G12
We use data from several waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances to document credit and debit card ownership and use across US demographic groups. We then present recent theoretical and empirical contributions to the study of credit and debit card behavior. Utilization rates of credit lines and portfolios of card holders present several puzzles. Credit line increases initiated by banks lead households to restore previous utilization rates. High-interest credit card debt co-exists with substantial holdings of low-interest liquid assets and with accumulation of retirement assets. Although available evidence disputes ignorance of credit card terms by card holders, redit card rates do not respond to competition. There is a rising trend in bankruptcy and delinquency, partly attributable to an increased tendency of households to declare bankruptcy associated with reduced social stigma, ease of procedures, and financial incentives. Co-existence of credit card debt with retirement assets can be explained through self-control hyperbolic discounting. Strategic default motives contribute partly to observed co-existence of credit card debt with low-interest liquid assets. A framework of “accountant-shopper” households, in which a rational accountant tries to control an impulsive shopper, seems consistent with both types of co-existence and with observed utilization of credit lines. JEL Classification: G11, E21
Baby boomer retirement security: the roles of planning, financial literacy and housing wealth
(2006)
We compare wealth holdings across two cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study: the early Baby Boomers in 2004, and individuals in the same age group in 1992. Levels and patterns of total net worth have changed relatively little over time, though Boomers rely more on housing equity than their predecessors. Most important, planners in both cohorts arrive close to retirement with much higher wealth levels and display higher financial literacy than non-planners. Instrumental variables estimates show that planning behavior can explain the differences in savings and why some people arrive close to retirement with very little or no wealth. Klassifizierung: D91, E21