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The complexity of atmospherical processes has always yielded a multitude of ways of knowing about the weather. What has been lacking in the historiography of meteorology so far is a way to formulate differences between forms of knowledge in a way that does not privilege modern scientific structures, but focuses instead on the epistemological category of causality. Using causality as ground of comparison for different knowledge claims, I shall argue, may enable researchers to investigate meteorological knowledge across time periods, perhaps even geographical regions, in a more symmetrical manner. This review demonstrates this approach as a means to organize a large set of historical meteorological writings from German countries between 1750 and 1850. Three distinct forms of knowledge (Semiotics, Physics, and Organics of the weather) during that time and in that region are suggested and will be described. While a bibliography with a national perspective from the 1880s was the basis for the selection of historical sources, such a setup proved awkward even to contemporaries. In addition, the bibliography came with a number of biases and shortcomings that will be critically reviewed.
The meaning of counterfactual conditionals is standardly described using the similarity approach (Stalnaker, 1968; Lewis, 1973). This approach has recently been challenged by Ciardelli et al. (2018). They argue that the similarity approach is in principle unable to account for the meaning of counterfactuals with an antecedent consisting of a conjunction embedded under a negation (¬(p^q)). Ciardelli et al. (2018) dismiss the approach on these grounds and offer an alternative. The main goal of the present paper is to defend the similarity approach against this attack. I will argue that the problem that underlies the observations in Ciardelli et al. 2018 is more general and not solved by the solution they offer. I will furthermore argue, against Ciardelli et al. (2018), that the cause of the problem is not the similarity approach, but the interaction of negation with the meaning of counterfactual conditionals. The paper will conclude with a first outline of a solution for the problem, which still uses the similarity approach, but combines it with an alternative semantics for negation.
Rethinking superdeterminism
(2020)
Quantum mechanics has irked physicists ever since its conception more than 100 years ago. While some of the misgivings, such as it being unintuitive, are merely aesthetic, quantum mechanics has one serious shortcoming: it lacks a physical description of the measurement process. This “measurement problem” indicates that quantum mechanics is at least an incomplete theory—good as far as it goes, but missing a piece—or, more radically, is in need of complete overhaul. Here we describe an approach which may provide this sought-for completion or replacement: Superdeterminism. A superdeterministic theory is one which violates the assumption of Statistical Independence (that distributions of hidden variables are independent of measurement settings). Intuition suggests that Statistical Independence is an essential ingredient of any theory of science (never mind physics), and for this reason Superdeterminism is typically discarded swiftly in any discussion of quantum foundations. The purpose of this paper is to explain why the existing objections to Superdeterminism are based on experience with classical physics and linear systems, but that this experience misleads us. Superdeterminism is a promising approach not only to solve the measurement problem, but also to understand the apparent non-locality of quantum physics. Most importantly, we will discuss how it may be possible to test this hypothesis in an (almost) model independent way.
Oder - ist er doch frei?
(2005)
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der interdisziplinären Kontroverse um die Willensfreiheit. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass, unter Einbezug der heutigen naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse und deren Grenzen, es immer noch möglich ist, eine Willensfreiheit mit der damit verbundenen Verantwortung in der starken Begriffsform von Kant im Sinne eines Kausalneuanfangs anzunehmen. Die Hinführung zu einer positiv bejahten Willensfreiheit erfolgt entsprechend der Beweisführung Kants. Es werden neuro- und naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisgrenzen und Widersprüche (inhaltlicher und methodischer Art) aufgezeigt, und es wird so ein „Spielraum“ für eine theoretisch denkbare Willensfreiheit eröffnet. Dieser theoretisch denkbare Raum wird mit Hilfe empirischer Studien mit der aus der Praxis erforderlichen Annahme einer praktischen Willensfreiheit ausgefüllt. Neurowissenschaftliche, genetische und sozialwissenschaftliche Studien zeigen hierbei auf, dass das Gehirn wegen seiner Plastizität nur ein Glied in einer Kausalkette ist und deswegen zu keiner Falsifikation einer Hypothese von einem Kausalanfang, das heißt der Willensfreiheit, dienen kann. Die praktische Umsetzung der Willensfreiheit wird einerseits durch die Zuhilfenahme des Informationsbegriffes, der neurowissenschaftliche und philosophische Kategorien umfassen kann, und andererseits durch das Konzept eines emotionalen Gleichgewichtes zugelassen. Letzteres stellt den Zustand im Menschen dar, der als informationelles Patt einen nicht vorhersagbaren Kausalneuanfang ermöglicht. Dieser ist in jedem Menschen als Freiheitspotential angelegt, mit dem allerdings in einer aktiven Weise gearbeitet werden muss, damit Freiheit zur Geltung kommen kann. Letzteres ist von Bedeutung hinsichtlich kultureller Veränderungen, technischer Innovationen, Therapien, Motivationen, Identifikationen und vieler anderer menschlicher Potentiale.