Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (10)
- Part of a Book (6)
- Review (4)
- Book (1)
- Report (1)
Language
- German (18)
- English (3)
- Portuguese (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (22)
Keywords
- Nationalismus (22) (remove)
Institute
This article contributes to the European history of musical nationalism with regard to operatic debates in the eighteenth century. The investigation reveals that within operatic debates national categories were used for all levels of the multimedia genre of opera: music, text, composer, and actor. Moreover, the relationship between national character and national taste was a highly critical point: there was general agreement that only outstanding aesthetic abilities enable composers to go beyond their own particular national character. Only in this respect could aesthetic abilities stand above national taste, which was said to be shaped by national character.
The mother tongue at school
(2023)
This paper focuses on a key contradiction in nineteenth century nationalist ideology, namely the opposition between the emphasis on the sacred status of the mother tongue, on the one hand, and the use of universal mandatory schooling as a means of homogenization, on the other. The influential philologist Jacob Grimm insisted that only people whose mother tongue was German counted as members of the German nation; the mother tongue was the key criterion of authentic belonging. Yet Grimm also realized that mandatory schooling imposed a uniform language across a wide territory, wiping out local dialects and effectively giving shape to a more linguistically unified people. He thus witnessed how modern mass instruction forged a more standardized culture at the expense of the more natural-seeming transmission of language within families. In Grimm's writings on education, the valorization of the mother is continually disturbed by the presence of a surrogate figure, the school teacher.
Apresentando um breve histórico da ideia de organismo ao longo do século XVIII, tentaremos delinear a trajetória percorrida por ela até o momento em que se tornaria um elemento fundamental no debate sobre a nacionalidade russa promovido pela elite letrada do país após as Guerras Napoleônicas. Nesse trajeto, um papel fundamental é ocupado pelas ideias desenvolvidas pelo Romantismo alemão - em particular as dos filósofos J. G. Herder e, sobretudo, F. W. J. Schelling. Assim, buscaremos mostrar como alguns raciocínios oriundos da sua chamada "Filosofia da Identidade", e expressos em obras como "Ideias para uma Filosofia da Natureza" e "Filosofia da Arte", foram imprescindíveis para que intelectuais e escritores russos pudessem propugnar um projeto artístico e cultural característico para o seu próprio país.
The Austrian poet Franz Grillparzer is often presented in scholarly literature as an opponent of nationalism. Indeed, Grillparzer did oppose nationally motivated separatist tendencies, which he viewed as a threat to the existence of the supranational Habsburg Monarchy. However, his tragedy 'König Ottokars Glück und Ende' includes clear examples of the early Habsburg ideology which emerged along with the Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars (a time of nationalist tensions) and which - at least initially - was imbued with a form of German Romantic nationalism. This ideology is displayed by the character of Rudolf von Habsburg, who - in the spirit of Romantic nationalism - is depicted as the embodiment of Germany. Rudolf's fervent Germanness - which appears to have been one of the reasons behind Grillparzer's problems with censorship under the Metternich regime - is not only evident in the character's words, but also in the clothes he wears. The grey coat that is one of Rudolf's most distinctive features may be a reference to what was known as an 'Old German' folk costume ('Altdeutsche Tracht'); after the Napoleonic Wars, this garment became a symbol used by the German nationalist student movement known as the 'Burschenschaftler'.
Im Folgenden werde ich über den Naturalismus als eine literarische Bewegung sprechen, von der es in der Forschung immer wieder heißt, sie habe ihre ästhetische Programmatik zwar publizistisch wirksam in Szene gesetzt, nicht aber auch in ihrem Anspruch entsprechende literarische Werke umsetzen können. Dem ist zunächst einmal zuzustimmen; zumal sich die hervorragenden literarischen Texte des Naturalismus nicht gerade als naturalistische auszeichnen lassen. Zugleich stellt sich die Frage, wodurch diese Disproportion zu erklären ist; in welchem Verhältnis steht die Insuffizienz der Leistungen in der literarischen Praxis zur ästhetischen Theorie? Ich möchte zeigen, daß es vor allem die Theoriedefizite in 'aestheticis' selbst waren und nicht so sehr kontingente Probleme der literarischen Umsetzung, die das rasche Abflauen des Naturalismus nach seinem kaum erreichten Höhepunkt 1890 bewirkten. Dieser fällt zusammen mit dem Beginn der literarischen Moderne im engeren Sinne. Aber beginnt diese 'erste' Moderne mit einem gescheiterten Versuch 'modern' zu sein?