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Dante's "Inferno" and Walter Benjamin's cities : considerations of place, experience, and media
(2011)
When Walter Benjamin wrote his main texts, the theme of the city as hell was extremely popular. Some of his German contemporaries, such as Brecht or Döblin, also used it. Benjamin was aware of these examples, as well as of examples outside Germany, including Joyce's "Ulysses" and Baudelaire's "poetry". And he was - at least in some way - familiar with Dante's "Inferno" and used it, and in particular Dante's conception of hell, for his own purposes. Benjamin's appropriation of the topos of the Inferno has been seen as a critique of capitalism and as a general critique of modernism by means of allegory. In the following analysis, Angela Merte-Rankin takes a slightly different approach and, despite Benjamin's status as an expert on allegory, considers hell in its literal sense as a place and examines the issues of implacement that might follow from this standpoint.
Manuela Marchesini brings Agamben's ideas to bear on Gadda's "Pasticciaccio" and vice versa. While preserving the specificity of their different fields of operation, this mutual exposure contributes to reframing the Culture War of yore. On the one hand, we have a novel published after World War II with a tortuous gestation and convoluted publication history and reception, written by an author who happened to outlive his creative 'canto del cigno'; on the other, a philosophical and essayistic speculation on contemporary events. The function of Dante's "Comedy" in each author spans from the textual to the allegorical, but rests upon one single crucial common denominator: both Gadda and Agamben take literature seriously. [...] The present essay, part of a larger project unfolding along the same lines, attempts a 'close reading' in the spirit that Edward Said has solicited from the humanities in his lectures at Columbia - or, to put it differently, a tentative 'exercise' of critica in the wake of modern Italian Romance philology and textual criticism from Pasquali through Contini and Debenedetti (a lineage of which Agamben's approach appears to be mindful). [...] Marchesini passes over the general Dantesque infernal allegory of "Pasticciaccio" in order to expand on its final scene. Her thesis is that "Pasticciaccio's" allegorical use of Dante's "Comedy" does not just unravel its interpretive knot. It also points to a utopian overcoming of binarism that concurs with Agamben's reflections. "Pasticciaccio's" closure is neither an epiphany (in the sense of a final celebration of the missing piece that completes the puzzle of the novel), nor does it signal a collapse into ambiguity or irrationality (in the sense that everything is left undecided, wavering between one possibility and its opposite). Gadda maintains his interpellation of wholeness unequivocally throughout the novel.
In a 1949 letter, Cesare Pavese describes with great zeal the genesis of a new work - one he compares, albeit with a certain amount of irony, to Dante's Commedia. [...] This embryonic project would quickly become the novel "La luna e i falò", completed in less than two months and published shortly before Pavese's suicide in 1950. On the surface, there would seem little reason to take seriously the analogy drawn by the author between "La luna" and the "Commedia", for the novel in question contains no explicit references to the medieval poet. Tristan Kay argues in this essay, however, that the presence of Dante in "La luna" is both more pervasive and more significant than has previously been suggested. While critics have noted in passing several narrative and structural parallels between the two texts, which Kay details in Section II, no attempt has been made to consider their wider significance in our understanding of Pavese's novel. What follows is a reading of "La luna" which shows that the "Commedia" functions not simply as a formal model for Pavese, but, more importantly, as an ideological anti-model, in dialogue with which the author articulates his deeply pessimistic understanding of the human condition.
"Nel regno oscuro" is the first part of a planned trilogy inspired by the "Divine Comedy", integrating the Middle European style of Giorgio Pressburger's previous works with the attempt to engage with the first part of Dante's poem. The role of Virgil, Dante's guide in the "Inferno", is taken by Sigmund Freud, and the journey of the melancholic protagonist begins as psychoanalytic therapy to enable him to come to terms with the loss of his father and his twin brother, but soon turns into a journey through the realm of the dead which, like the "Divine Comedy", takes the shape of a series of encounters with the shades of historical figures. Thus Dante's descent to hell metamorphoses into a phantasmagoric voyage to the most intimate and obscure dimensions of the human psyche as well as a journey through the tragic events of history in the twentieth century - and the Shoah in particular. The combination of the personal, the collective, and even the universal is one of the most interesting aspects Pressburger takes from Dante's poem. In the following analysis Manuele Gragnolati explores how both Dante's "Divine Comedy" and Pressburger's "Nel regno oscuro" place personal and collective suffering at the centre of their own narratives and stage writing as a political, ethical, and possibly 'salvific' way to deal with this dual suffering, even as they differ in their concepts of identity and selfhood on the one hand and in their models of history on the other.
Tierfilme und -reportagen haben Konjunktur, neue Bildtechnologien ermöglichen immer differenziertere Einblicke in Verhaltens- und Lebensweisen bekannter und unbekannter Tierarten. Wir fühlen uns als teilnehmende Beobachter in scheinbar gewagtester Nähe. Das "Privatleben" der Tiere wird bis in den letzten Winkel verfolgt, die Entdeckung der Tierindividualitäten schreitet voran, Tiere bekommen ein Schicksal und wecken Empathie, der vor über 2000 Jahren entstandene Tier-Mensch-Verwandtschafts-Topos, dem noch jeder Gedanke an die Abstammung der Arten fern lag, wird neu belebt. Doch das kulturelle Interesse am Tier erschöpft sich nicht im Fasziniertsein durch perfekt visualisierte Verhaltensstudien oder durch neueste Lesarten der Tiermetaphorik, in der es stets weniger um Tiere als um Menschen geht. Der historische Wandel der menschlichen Tierbeziehung wird in der Tierethik reflektiert.
Seit der Antike umstrittene kognitive Fähigkeiten verschiedener Tierarten bilden heute einen einzelwissenschaftlich fundierten philosophischen Diskussions- und Forschungsgegenstand ("Der Geist der Tiere"). Die Biosemiotik macht große Fortschritte, der Tier-Mensch-Vergleich - bereits ein Kernstück antiker Anthropologie und Ethik - erfährt eine tiefgreifende Umwertung. Dabei steht nicht mehr von vornherein der Mensch im Mittelpunkt; vielmehr wird versucht, das Animalische in seiner Artenvielfalt als eine vielgestaltige eigene Lebensform zu beschreiben; diese ist nicht länger an Maßstäben einer Anthropozentrik zu messen, die im innersten teleologisch geblieben ist. Der Tier-Mensch-Vergleich wird heute nicht mehr so einseitig und ausschließlich auf kognitive Fähigkeiten bezogen. Vielmehr werden weitere Aspekte wie Emotionalität, Wertungs- bzw. Präferenzverhalten, moralanaloge Verhaltensweisen, Antriebsstrukturen, Soziabilität, Zeichenverhalten mit einbezogen. Diese Komplexität der Vergleichspunkte oder Vergleichseinheiten war erst mit dem neuzeitlichen Rationalismus immer mehr eingeschränkt worden. Die gegenwärtig wiedergewonnene Komplexität lässt nach historischen Vorbildern Ausschau halten; da verwundert es nicht, wenn eine Anthropologie ins Blickfeld rückt, die im Tier-Mensch-Vergleich einen ihrer wichtigsten Ausgangspunkte hatte: die antike Anthropologie.