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Sex-specific differences in running injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression
- Background: Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. Objective: To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. Methods: Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords “running AND injur*”. Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. Results: After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9–21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7–21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90–1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69–1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36–0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25–2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.69). Conclusion: Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.
Author: | Karsten Peter HollanderORCiDGND, Anna Lina RahlfORCiDGND, Jan WilkeORCiDGND, Christopher EdlerORCiDGND, Simon SteibORCiDGND, Astrid JungeORCiD, Astrid ZechORCiDGND |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-627350 |
DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01412-7 |
ISSN: | 1179-2035 |
Parent Title (English): | Sports medicine |
Publisher: | Springer |
Place of publication: | Berlin [u.a.] |
Document Type: | Article |
Language: | English |
Date of Publication (online): | 2021/01/12 |
Date of first Publication: | 2021/01/12 |
Publishing Institution: | Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg |
Release Date: | 2022/07/11 |
Volume: | 51.2021 |
Issue: | 5 |
Page Number: | 29 |
First Page: | 1011 |
Last Page: | 1039 |
Note: | Open Access funding enabled and organised by Projekt DEAL. The research fellowship of Karsten Hollander was funded by the German Research Foundation (Grant Number HO 6214/2-1). No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. |
Note: | A Letter to the Editor to this article was published on 04 September 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01548-0 |
HeBIS-PPN: | 502475161 |
Institutes: | Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften |
Dewey Decimal Classification: | 6 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / 61 Medizin und Gesundheit / 610 Medizin und Gesundheit |
Sammlungen: | Universitätspublikationen |
Licence (German): | Creative Commons - Namensnennung 4.0 |