Open Access

Miroslav Urbanec

• The theme of Wagner's opera 'Tannhäuser' is the conflict between the artist and society, between nonconformism and servility to the dictates of a regime, with all its dogmas and taboos. This theme remains real and 'modern' to this day, and it has been acted out several times in German history. 'Truth fanatics' – artists, academics and intellectuals – have repeatedly been ostracized, boycotted or mocked. One such figure was Alfred Döblin, nowadays a half-forgotten novelist who returned to post-war Germany after several years of exile to participate in the country's spiritual regeneration. Döblin's novel 'Hamlet oder Die lange Nacht nimmt ein Ende' – begun during the writer's Hollywood exile – can be viewed as a work of 'Trauerarbeit' – a way of dealing with the Nazi past. This paper examines the questions asked by Döblin and the problems he faced in the nascent Federal Republic of Germany, using his 'Hamlet' as a source of illustrative examples. Wagner's 'Tannhäuser' – a work to which Döblin was strongly drawn – serves as a framework.