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Hou, Liping ; Bergen, Sarah E. ; Akula, Nirmala ; Song, Jie ; Hultman, Christina M. ; Landén, Mikael ; Adli, Mazda ; Alda, Martin ; Ardau, Raffaella ; Arias, Bárbara ; Aubry, Jean-Michel ; Backlund, Lena ; Badner, Judith A. ; Barrett, Thomas B. ; Bauer, Michael ; Baune, Bernhard T. ; Bellivier, Frank ; Benabarre Hernandez, Antonio ; Bengesser, Susanne ; Berrettini, Wade H. ; Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar ; Biernacka, Joanna ; Birner, Armin ; Bloss, Cinnamon S. ; Brichant-Petitjean, Clara ; Bui, Elise T. ; Byerley, William ; Cervantes, Pablo ; Chillotti, Caterina ; Cichon, Sven ; Colom, Francesc ; Coryell, William ; Craig, David W. ; Cruceanu, Cristiana ; Czerski, Piotr M. ; Davis, Tony ; Dayer, Alexandre ; Degenhardt, Franziska ; Del Zompo, Maria ; DePaulo, J. Raymond ; Edenberg, Howard J. ; Étain, Bruno ; Falkai, Peter ; Foroud, Tatiana ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Frisén, Louise ; Frye, Mark A. ; Fullerton, Janice M. ; Gard, Sébastien ; Garnham, Julie S. ; Gershon, Elliot S. ; Goes, Fernando S. ; Greenwood, Tiffany A. ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria ; Hauser, Joanna ; Heilbronner, Urs ; Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie ; Herms, Stefan ; Hipolito, Maria ; Hitturlingappa, Shashi ; Hoffmann, Per ; Hofmann, Andrea ; Jamain, Stephane ; Jiménez, Esther ; Kahn, Jean-Pierre ; Kassem, Layla ; Kelsoe, John R. ; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah ; Kliwicki, Sebastian ; Koller, Daniel L. ; König, Barbara ; Lackner, Nina ; Laje, Gonzalo ; Lang, Maren ; Lavebratt, Catharina ; Lawson, William B. ; Leboyer, Marion ; Leckband, Susan G. ; Liu, Chunyu ; Maaser, Anna ; Mahon, Pamela B. ; Maier, Wolfgang ; Maj, Mario ; Manchia, Mirko ; Martinsson, Lina ; McCarthy, Michael J. ; McElroy, Susan L. ; McInnis, Melvin G. ; McKinney, Rebecca ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Mitjans, Marina ; Mondimore, Francis Mark ; Monteleone, Palmiero ; Mühleisen, Thomas W. ; Nievergelt, Caroline M. ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Novák, Tomas ; Nurnberger, John I. ; Nwulia, Evaristus A. ; Ösby, Urban ; Pfennig, Andrea ; Potash, James B. ; Propping, Peter ; Reif, Andreas ; Reininghaus, Eva ; Rice, John ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Rouleau, Guy A. ; Rybakowski, Janusz K. ; Schalling, Martin ; Scheftner, William A. ; Schofield, Peter R. ; Schork, Nicholas J. ; Schulze, Thomas Gerd ; Schumacher, Johannes ; Schweizer, Barbara W. ; Severino, Giovanni ; Shekhtman, Tatyana ; Shilling, Paul D. ; Simhandl, Christian ; Slaney, Claire M. ; Smith, Erin N. ; Squassina, Alessio ; Stamm, Thomas ; Stopkova, Pavla ; Streit, Fabian ; Strohmaier, Jana ; Szelinger, Szabolcs ; Tighe, Sarah K. ; Tortorella, Alfonso ; Turecki, Gustavo ; Vieta, Eduard ; Volkert, Julia ; Witt, Stephanie H. ; Wright, Adam ; Zandi, Peter P. ; Zhang, Peng ; Zollner, Sebastian ; McMahon, Francis J.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
Hudson, Lawrence N. ; Newbold, Tim ; Contu, Sara ; Hill, Samantha L. L. ; Lysenko, Igor ; Palma, Adriana de ; Phillips, Helen R. P. ; Senior, Rebecca A. ; Bennett, Dominic J. ; Booth, Hollie ; Choimes, Argyrios ; Correia, David L. P. ; Day, Julie ; Echeverria-Londono, Susy ; Garon, Morgan ; Harrison, Michelle L. K. ; Ingram, Daniel J. ; Jung, Martin ; Kemp, Victoria ; Kirkpatrick, Lucinda ; Martin, Callum D. ; Pan, Yuan ; White, Hannah J. ; Aben, Job ; Abrahamczyk, Stefan ; Adum, Gilbert B. ; Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia ; Aizen, Marcelo ; Ancrenaz, Marc ; Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique ; Armbrecht, Inge ; Azhar, Badrul ; Azpiroz, Adrián B. ; Baeten, Lander ; Báldi, András ; Banks, John E. ; Barlow, Jos ; Batáry, Péter ; Bates, Adam J. ; Bayne, Erin M. ; Beja, Pedro ; Berg, Åke ; Berry, Nicholas J. ; Bicknell, Jake E. ; Bihn, Jochen H. ; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin ; Boekhout, Teun ; Boutin, Celine ; Bouyer, Jeremy ; Brearley, Francis Q. ; Brito, Isabel ; Brunet, Jörg ; Buczkowski, Grzegorz ; Buscardo, Erika ; Cabra-Garcia, Jimmy ; Calvino-Cancela, Maria ; Cameron, Sydney A. ; Cancello, Eliana M. ; Carrijo, Tiago F. ; Carvalho, Anelena L. ; Castro, Helena ; Castro-Luna, Alejandro Antonio ; Cerda, Rolando ; Cerezo, Alexis ; Chauvat, Matthieu ; Clarke, Frank M. ; Cleary, Daniel F. R. ; Connop, Stuart P. ; D'Aniello, Biagio ; Silva, Pedro Giovani da ; Darvill, Ben ; Dauber, Jens ; Dejean, Alain ; Diekötter, Tim ; Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth ; Dormann, Carsten F. ; Dumont, Bertrand ; Dures, Simon G. ; Dynesius, Mats ; Edenius, Lars ; Elek, Zoltan ; Entling, Martin H. ; Farwig, Nina ; Fayle, Tom M. ; Felicioli, Antonio ; Felton, Annika M. ; Ficetola, Gentile Francesco ; Filgueiras, Bruno K. C. ; Fonte, Steve J. ; Fraser, Lauchlan H. ; Fukuda, Daisuke ; Furlani, Dario ; Ganzhorn, Jörg U. ; Garden, Jenni G. ; Gheler-Costa, Carla ; Giordani, Paolo ; Giordano, Simonetta ; Gottschalk, Marco S. ; Goulson, Dave ; Gove, Aaron D. ; Grogan, James ; Hanley, Mick E. ; Hanson, Thor ; Hashim, Nor R. ; Hawes, Joseph E. ; Hébert, Christian ; Helden, Alvin J. ; Henden, John-André ; Hernández, Lionel ; Herzog, Felix ; Higuera-Diaz, Diego ; Hilje, Branko ; Horgan, Finbarr G. ; Horvath, Roland ; Hylander, Kristoffer ; Horvath, Roland ; Isaacs-Cubides, Paola ; Ishitani, Mashiro ; Jacobs, Carmen T. ; Jaramillo, Victor J. ; Jauker, Birgit ; Jonsell, Matts ; Jung, Thomas S. ; Kapoor, Vena ; Kati, Vassiliki ; Katovai, Eric ; Kessler, Michael ; Knop, Eva ; Kolb, Annette ; Körösi, Àdám ; Lachat, Thibault ; Lantschner, Victoria ; Le Féon, Violette ; LeBuhn, Gretchen ; Légaré, Jean-Philippe ; Letcher, Susan G. ; Littlewood, Nick A. ; López-Quintero, Carlos A. ; Louhaichi, Mounir ; Lövei, Gabor L. ; Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban ; Luja, Victor H. ; Maeto, Kaoru ; Magura, Tibor ; Mallari, Neil Aldrin D. ; Marin-Spiotta, Erika ; Marshall, Edward Jon P. ; Martínez, Eliana ; Mayfield, Margaret M. ; Mikusinski, Gregorz ; Milder, Jeffery C. ; Miller, James R. ; Morales, Carolina L. ; Muriithi-Muchane, Mary Nyawira ; Muchane, Muchai ; Naidoo, Robin ; Nakamura, Akihiro ; Naoe, Shoji ; Nates-Parra, Guiomar ; Navarerete Gutierrez, Dario A. ; Neuschulz, Eike Lena ; Noreika, Norbertas ; Norfolk, Olivia ; Noriega, Jorge Ari ; Nöske, Nicole M. ; O'Dea, Niall ; Oduro, William ; Ofori-Boateng, Caleb ; Oke, Chris O. ; Osgathorpe, Lynne M. ; Paritsis, Juan ; Parrah, Alejandro ; Pelegrin, Nicolás ; Peres, Carlos A. ; Persson, Anna S. ; Petanidou, Theodora ; Phalan, Ben ; Philips, T. Keith ; Poveda, Katja ; Power, Eileen F. ; Presley, Steven J. ; Proença, Vânia ; Quaranta, Marino ; Quintero, Carolina ; Redpath-Downing, Nicola A. ; Reid, J. Leighton ; Reis, Yana T. ; Ribeiro, Danilo B. ; Richardson, Barbara A. ; Richardson, Michael J. ; Robles, Carolina A. ; Römbke, Jörg ; Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad ; Rosselli, Loreta ; Rossiter, Stephen J. ; Roulston, T'ai H. ; Rousseau, Laurent ; Sadler, Jonathan P. ; Sáfián, Szbolcs ; Saldaña-Vásquez, Romeo A. ; Samnegård, Ulrika ; Schüepp, Christof ; Schweiger, Oliver ; Sedlock, Jodi L. ; Shahabuddin, Ghazala ; Sheil, Douglas ; Silva, Fernando A. B. ; Slade, Eleanor ; Smith-Pardo, Allan H. ; Sodhi, Navjot S. ; Somarriba, Eduardo J. ; Sosa, Ramón A. ; Stout, Jane C. ; Struebig, Matthew J. ; Sung, Yik-Hei ; Threlfall, Caragh G. ; Tonietto, Rebecca ; Tóthmérész, Béla ; Tscharntke, Teja ; Turner, Edgar C. ; Tylianakis, Jason M. ; Vanbergen, Adam J. ; Vassilev, Kiril ; Verboven, Hans A. F. ; Vergara, Carlos H. ; Vergara, Pablo M. ; Verhulst, Jort ; Walker, Tony R. ; Wang, Yanping ; Watling, James I. ; Wells, Konstans ; Williams, Christopher D. ; Willig, Michael R. ; Woinarski, John Casimir Zichy ; Wolf, Jan H. D. ; Woodcock, Ben A. ; Yu, Douglas W. ; Zailsev, Andreys ; Collen, Ben ; Ewers, Rob M. ; Mace, Georgina M. ; Purves, Drew W. ; Scharlemann, Jörn P. W. ; Pervis, Andy
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous
nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2016)
Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Hakala, Jani ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Simon, Mario ; Tomé, Antonio ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Ye, Penglin ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Curtius, Joachim ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Kulmala, Markku ; Lehtinen, Kari E. J. ; Smith, James N. ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e., particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15 nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake is useful information for indirectly obtaining chemical composition of aerosol particles. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90 % relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) campaign performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid–dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid–organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid concentration on the hygroscopicity of 10 nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15 nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid concentrations. In particular, when the concentration of sulfuric acid was 5.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured κ of 15 nm particles was 0.31 ± 0.01: close to the value reported for dimethylaminium sulfate (DMAS) (κDMAS ∼ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid–imethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth even at 10 nm sizes.
Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2015)
Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Hakala, Jani ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Simon, Mario ; Tomé, Antonio ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Ye, Penglin ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Curtius, Joachim ; Kulmala, Markku ; Lehtinen, Kari E. J. ; Smith, James N. ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e. particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake constrains their chemical composition. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90% relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) experiments performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid-dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid-organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter Κ decreased with increasing particle size indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid monomer concentrations on the hygroscopicities of 10nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid monomer concentrations. In 20 particular, when the concentrations of sulfuric acid was 5.1 x 106 molecules cm exp -3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured Κ of 15nm particles was 0.3 ± 0.01 close to the value reported for dimethylamine sulfate (DMAS) (Κ DMAS ~ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in Κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-dimethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The Κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth already at 10nm sizes.
Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Bianchi, Federico ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Hansel, Armin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Simon, Mario ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele ; Smith, James N.
New particle formation driven by acid-base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10-30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physico-chemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base:acid ratios lower than 1:1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient that suggests a change to a mixed-phase state as the particles grew beyond this size. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a possible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid-base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.
Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Bianchi, Federico ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Hansel, Armin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Simon, Mario ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele ; Smith, James N.
New particle formation driven by acid–base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas-phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas-phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10–30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physicochemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas-phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base : acid ratios lower than 1 : 1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a plausible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid–base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.
Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Rondo, Linda ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Sarnela, Nina ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Riccobono, Francesco ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Adamov, Alexey ; Ahlm, Lars ; Almeida, Joao ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Dommen, Josef ; Downard, Andrew ; Dunne, Eimear M. ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Guida, Roberto ; Hakala, Jani ; Hansel, Armin ; Jud, Werner ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Kerminen, Veli-Matti ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kupc, Agnieszka ; Kupiainen-Määttä, Oona ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mathot, Serge ; Olenius, Tinja ; Ortega, Ismael K. ; Onnela, Antti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Ruuskanen, Taina ; Santos, Filipe Duarte ; Schallhart, Simon ; Schnitzhofer, Ralf ; Simon, Mario ; Smith, James N. ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Tsagkogeorgas, Georgios ; Tomé, Antonio ; Vaattovaara, Petri ; Vehkamäki, Hanna ; Vrtala, Aron ; Wagner, Paul E. ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Virtanen, Annele ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Curtius, Joachim ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Kulmala, Markku
The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere.
Randall, Joshua C. ; Winkler, Thomas W. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; I. Berndt, Sonja ; Jackson, Anne U. ; Monda, Keri L. ; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. ; Esko, Tõnu ; Mägi, Reedik ; Li, Shengxu ; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ; Feitosa, Mary F. ; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. ; Day, Felix R. ; Fall, Tove ; Ferreira, Teresa ; Gustafsson, Stefan ; Locke, Adam E. ; Mathieson, Iain ; Scherag, André ; Vedantam, Sailaja ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Liang, Liming ; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur ; Thorleifsson, Gudmar ; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. ; Dimas, Antigone S. ; Karpe, Fredrik ; Min, Josine L. ; Nicholson, George ; Clegg, Deborah J. ; Person, Thomas ; Krohn, Jon P. ; Bauer, Sabrina ; Buechler, Christa ; Eisinger, Kristina ; Bonnefond, Amélie ; Froguel, Philippe ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Waite, Lindsay L. ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Smith, Albert Vernon ; Shuldiner, Alan R. ; McArdle, Wendy L. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Munroe, Patricia B. ; Grönberg, Henrik ; Chen, Yii-Der Ida ; Li, Guo ; Beckmann, Jacques S. ; Johnson, Toby ; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur ; Teder-Laving, Maris ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Amin, Najaf ; Oostra, Ben A. ; Kraja, Aldi T. ; Province, Michael A. ; Cupples, L. Adrienne ; Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ; Kaprio, Jaakko ; Ripatti, Samuli ; Surakka, Ida ; Collins, Francis S. ; Saramies, Jouko ; Tuomilehto, Jaakko ; Jula, Antti ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Erdmann, Jeanette ; Hengstenberg, Christian ; Loley, Christina ; Schunkert, Heribert ; Lamina, Claudia ; Wichmann, Heinz Erich ; Albrecht, Eva ; Gieger, Christian ; Hicks, Andrew A. ; Johansson, Åsa ; Pramstaller, Peter P. ; Kathiresan, Sekar ; Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Gyllensten, Ulf ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Chanock, Stephen J. ; Farrall, Martin ; Goel, Anuj ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Estrada, Karol ; Uitterlinden, André G. ; Hofman, Albert ; Zillikens, M. Carola ; Heijer, Martin den ; Kiemeney, Lambertus Adrianus ; Maschio, Andrea ; Hall, Per ; Tyrer, Jonathan ; Teumer, Alexander ; Völzke, Henry ; Kovacs, Peter ; Tönjes, Anke ; Mangino, Massimo ; Spector, Tim D. ; Hayward, Caroline ; Rudan, Igor ; Hall, Alistair S. ; Samani, Nilesh J. ; Attwood, Antony Paul ; Sambrook, Jennifer G. ; Hung, Joseph ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Lokki, Marja-Liisa ; Sinisalo, Juha ; Boucher, Gabrielle ; Huikuri, Heikki ; Lorentzon, Mattias ; Ohlsson, Claes ; Eklund, Niina ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Barlassina, Cristina ; Rivolta, Carlo ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Snieder, Harold ; Klauw, Melanie M. van der ; Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. van ; Gejman, Pablo V. ; Shi, Jianxin ; Jacobs, Kevin B. ; Wang, Zhaoming ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Mateo Leach, Irene ; Navis, Gerjan ; Harst, Pim van der ; Martin, Nicholas Gordon ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Yang, Jian ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Ridker, Paul M. ; Rose, Lynda M. ; Lehtimäki, Terho ; Raitakari, Olli ; Absher, Devin ; Iribarren, Carlos ; Basart, Hanneke ; Hovingh, Kees G. ; Hyppönen, Elina ; Power, Chris ; Power, Chris ; Anderson, Denise ; Beilby, John P. ; Hui, Jennie ; Jolley, Jennifer ; Sager, Hendrik ; Bornstein, Stefan R. ; Schwarz, Peter E. H. ; Kristiansson, Kati ; Perola, Markus ; Lindström, Jaana ; Swift, Amy J. ; Uusitupa, Matti ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Rauramaa, Rainer ; Bolton, Jennifer L. ; Fowkes, Gerry ; Fraser, Ross M. ; Price, Jackie F. ; Fischer, Krista ; KrjutÅ¡kov, Kaarel ; Metspalu, Andres ; Mihailov, Evelin ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Luan, Jian'an ; Ong, Ken K. ; Chines, Peter S. ; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M. ; Saaristo, Timo E. ; Edkins, Sarah ; Franks, Paul W. ; Hallmans, Göran ; Shungin, Dmitry ; Morris, Andrew David ; Palmer, Colin N. A. ; Erbel, Raimund ; Moebus, Susanne ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Pechlivanis, Sonali ; Hveem, Kristian ; Narisu, Narisu ; Hamsten, Anders ; Humphries, Steve E. ; Strawbridge, Rona J. ; Tremoli, Elena ; Grallert, Harald ; Thorand, Barbara ; Illig, Thomas ; Koenig, Wolfgang ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Peters, Annette ; Böhm, Bernhard O. ; Kleber, Marcus E. ; März, Winfried ; Winkelmann, Bernhard R. ; Kuusisto, Johanna ; Laakso, Markku ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Cesana, Giancarlo ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Virtamo, Jarmo ; Yarnell, John W. G. ; Kuh, Diana ; Wong, Andrew ; Lind, Lars ; Faire, Ulf de ; Gigante, Bruna ; Magnusson, Patrik K. E. ; Pedersen, Nancy L. ; Dedoussis, George ; Dimitriou, Maria ; Kolovou, Genovefa ; Kanoni, Stavroula ; Stirrups, Kathleen ; Bonnycastle, Lori L. ; Njølstad, Inger ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Ganna, Andrea ; Rehnberg, Emil ; Hingorani, Aroon ; Kivimaki, Mika ; Kumari, Meena ; Assimes, Themistocles L. ; Barroso, Inês ; Boehnke, Michael ; Borecki, Ingrid B. ; Deloukas, Panos ; Fox, Caroline S. ; Frayling, Timothy ; Groop, Leif C. ; Haritunians, Talin ; Hunter, David ; Ingelsson, Erik ; Kaplan, Robert ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; North, Kari E. ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Qi, Lu ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Heid, Iris M. ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Abecasis, Gonçalo R. ; Stefansson, Kari ; Strachan, David P. ; Schlessinger, David ; O'Connell, Jeffrey R. ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van
Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
Stolzenburg, Dominik ; Fischer, Lukas ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Schervish, Meredith ; Simon, Mario ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Dada, Lubna ; Ahonen, Lauri R. ; Amorim, Antonio ; Baccarini, Andrea ; Bauer, Paulus Salomon ; Baumgartner, Bernhard ; Bergen, Anton ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany ; Chen, Dexian ; Dias, Antonio ; Draper, Danielle C. ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; El Haddad, Imad ; Finkenzeller, Henning ; Frege, Carla ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Garmash, Olga ; Gordon, Hamish ; He, Xucheng ; Helm, Johanna ; Hofbauer, Victoria ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kim, Changhyuk ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Lampilahti, Janne ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mai, Huajun ; Mathot, Serge ; Mentler, Bernhard ; Molteni, Ugo ; Nie, Wei ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Nowak, John B. ; Ojdanic, Andrea ; Onnela, Antti ; Passananti, Monica ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Quéléver, Lauriane L. J. ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schallhart, Simon ; Tauber, Christian ; Tomé, Antonio ; Wagner, Robert ; Wang, Mingyi ; Weitz, Lena ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Xiao, Mao ; Yan, Chao ; Ye, Penglin ; Zha, Qiaozhi ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Curtius, Joachim ; Dommen, Josef ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Kulmala, Markku ; Smith, James N. ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Hansel, Armin ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Winkler, Paul M.
Nucleation and growth of aerosol particles from atmospheric vapors constitutes a major source of global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The fraction of newly formed particles that reaches CCN sizes is highly sensitive to particle growth rates, especially for particle sizes <10 nm, where coagulation losses to larger aerosol particles are greatest. Recent results show that some oxidation products from biogenic volatile organic compounds are major contributors to particle formation and initial growth. However, whether oxidized organics contribute to particle growth over the broad span of tropospheric temperatures remains an open question, and quantitative mass balance for organic growth has yet to be demonstrated at any temperature. Here, in experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), we show that rapid growth of organic particles occurs over the range from −25 ∘C to 25 ∘C. The lower extent of autoxidation at reduced temperatures is compensated by the decreased volatility of all oxidized molecules. This is confirmed by particle-phase composition measurements, showing enhanced uptake of relatively less oxygenated products at cold temperatures. We can reproduce the measured growth rates using an aerosol growth model based entirely on the experimentally measured gas-phase spectra of oxidized organic molecules obtained from two complementary mass spectrometers. We show that the growth rates are sensitive to particle curvature, explaining widespread atmospheric observations that particle growth rates increase in the single-digit-nanometer size range. Our results demonstrate that organic vapors can contribute to particle growth over a wide range of tropospheric temperatures from molecular cluster sizes onward.
Théry, Clotilde ; Witwer, Kenneth W. ; Aikawa, Elena ; Alcaraz, Maria Jose ; Anderson, Johnathon D. ; Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson ; Antoniou, Anna ; Arab, Tanina ; Archer, Fabienne ; Atkin-Smith, Georgia K. ; Ayre, D. Craig ; Bach, Jean-Marie ; Bachurski, Daniel ; Baharvand, Hossein ; Balaj, Leonora ; Baldacchino, Shawn ; Bauer, Natalie N. ; Baxter, Amy A. ; Bebawy, Mary ; Beckham, Carla ; Zavec, Apolonija Bedina ; Benmoussa, Abderrahim ; Berardi, Anna C. ; Bergese, Paolo ; Bielska, Ewa ; Blenkiron, Cherie ; Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia ; Boilard, Eric ; Boireau, Wilfrid ; Bongiovanni, Antonella ; Borràs, Francesc E. ; Bosch, Steffi ; Boulanger, Chantal M. ; Breakefield, Xandra ; Breglio, Andrew M. ; Brennan, Meadhbh Aín ; Brigstock, David R. ; Brisson, Alain ; Broekman, Marike L. D. ; Bromberg, Jacqueline F. ; Bryl-Gorecka, Paulina ; Buch, Shilpa ; Buck, Amy H. ; Burger, Dylan ; Busatto, Sara ; Buschmann, Dominik ; Bussolati, Benedetta ; Buzás, Edit I. ; Byrd, James Bryan ; Camussi, Giovanni ; Carter, David R. F. ; Caruso, Sarah ; Chamley, Lawrence W. ; Chang, Yu-Ting ; Chen, Chihchen ; Chen, Shuai ; Cheng, Lesley ; Chin, Andrew R. ; Clayton, Aled ; Clerici, Stefano P. ; Cocks, Alex ; Cocucci, Emanuele ; Coffey, Robert J. ; Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela ; Couch, Yvonne ; Coumans, Frank A. W. ; Coyle, Beth ; Crescitelli, Rossella ; Criado, Miria Ferreira ; D’Souza-Schorey, Crislyn ; Das, Saumya ; Chaudhuri, Amrita Datta ; de-Candia, Paola ; De Santana, Eliezer F. ; De Wever, Olivier ; del Portillo, Hernando A. ; Demaret, Tanguy ; Deville, Sarah ; Devitt, Andrew ; Dhondt, Bert ; Di Vizio, Dolores ; Dieterich, Lothar C. ; Dolo, Vincenza ; Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula ; Dominici, Massimo ; Dourado, Mauricio R. ; Driedonks, Tom A. P. ; Duarte, Filipe V. ; Duncan, Heather M. ; Eichenberger, Ramon Marc ; Ekström, Karin ; El Andaloussi, Samir ; Elie-Caille, Celine ; Erdbrügger, Uta ; Falcón-Pérez, Juan M. ; Fatima, Farah ; Fish, Jason E. ; Flores-Bellver, Miguel ; Försönits, András ; Frelet-Barrand, Annie ; Fricke, Fabia ; Fuhrmann, Gregor ; Gabrielsson, Susanne ; Gámez-Valero, Ana ; Gardiner, Chris ; Gärtner, Kathrin ; Gaudin, Raphael ; Gho, Yong Song ; Giebel, Bernd ; Gilbert, Caroline ; Gimona, Mario ; Giusti, Ilaria ; Goberdhan, Deborah C. I. ; Görgens, André ; Gorski, Sharon M. ; Greening, David W. ; Groß, Julia Christina ; Gualerzi, Alice ; Gupta, Gopal N. ; Gustafson, Dakota ; Handberg, Aase ; Haraszti, Réka Ágnes ; Harrison, Paul ; Hegyesi, Hargita ; Hendrix, An ; Hill, Andrew F. ; Hochberg, Fred H. ; Hoffmann, Karl F. ; Holder, Beth ; Holthofer, Harry ; Hosseinkhani, Baharak ; Hu, Guoku ; Huang, Yiyao ; Huber, Veronica ; Hunt, Stuart ; Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin ; Ikezu, Tsuneya ; Inal, Jameel M. ; Isin, Mustafa ; Ivanova, Alena ; Jackson, Hannah K. ; Jacobsen, Soren ; Jay, Steven M. ; Jayachandran, Muthuvel ; Jenster, Guido ; Jiang, Lanzhou ; Johnson, Suzanne M. ; Jones, Jennifer C. ; Jong, Ambrose ; Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana ; Jung, Stephanie ; Kalluri, Raghu ; Kano, Shin-ichi ; Kaur, Sukhbir ; Kawamura, Yumi ; Keller, Evan T. ; Khamari, Delaram ; Khomyakova, Elena ; Khvorova, Anastasia ; Kierulf, Peter ; Kim, Kwang Pyo ; Kislinger, Thomas ; Klingeborn, Mikael ; Klinke, David J. ; Kornek, Miroslaw ; Kosanović, Maja M. ; Kovács, Árpád Ferenc ; Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria ; Krasemann, Susanne ; Krause, Mirja ; Kurochkin, Igor V. ; Kusuma, Gina D. ; Kuypers, Sören ; Laitinen, Saara ; Langevin, Scott M. ; Languino, Lucia R. ; Lannigan, Joanne ; Lässer, Cecilia ; Laurent, Louise C. ; Lavieu, Gregory ; Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa ; Le Lay, Soazig ; Lee, Myung-Shin ; Lee, Yi Xin Fiona ; Lemos, Debora S. ; Lenassi, Metka ; Leszczynska, Aleksandra ; Li, Isaac T. S. ; Liao, Ke ; Libregts, Sten F. ; Ligeti, Erzsebet ; Lim, Rebecca ; Lim, Sai Kiang ; Linē, Aija ; Linnemannstöns, Karen ; Llorente, Alicia ; Lombard, Catherine Ann ; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J. ; Lörincz, Ákos M. ; Lötvall, Jan ; Lovett, Jason ; Lowry, Michelle C. ; Loyer, Xavier ; Lu, Quan ; Lukomska, Barbara ; Lunavat, Taral Rameshchand ; Maas, Sybren L. N. ; Malhi, Harmeet ; Marcilla, Antonio ; Mariani, Jacopo ; Mariscal, Javier ; Martens-Uzunova, Elena S. ; Martin-Jaular, Lorena ; Martinez, M. Carmen ; Martins, Vilma Regina ; Mathieu, Mathilde ; Mathivanan, Suresh ; Maugeri, Marco ; McGinnis, Lynda K. ; McVey, Mark J. ; Meckes, David G. ; Meehan, Katie ; Mertens, Inge ; Minciacchi, Valentina R. ; Möller, Andreas ; Møller Jørgensen, Malene ; Morales-Kastresana, Aizea ; Morhayim, Jess ; Mullier, François ; Muraca, Maurizio ; Musante, Luca ; Mussack, Veronika ; Muth, Dillon C. ; Myburgh, Kathryn H. ; Najrana, Tanbir ; Nawaz, Muhammad ; Nazarenko, Irina ; Nejsum, Peter ; Neri, Christian ; Neri, Tommaso ; Nieuwland, Rienk ; Nimrichter, Leonardo ; Nolan, John P. ; Nolte-’t Hoen, Esther N. M. ; Hooten, Nicole Noren ; O’Driscoll, Lorraine ; O’Grady, Tina ; O’Loghlen, Ana ; Ochiya, Takahiro ; Olivier, Martin ; Ortiz, Alberto ; Ortiz, Luis A. ; Osteikoetxea, Xabier ; Østergaard, Ole ; Ostrowski, Matias ; Park, Jaesung ; Pegtel, Dirk Michiel ; Peinado, Hector ; Perut, Francesca ; Pfaffl, Michael ; Phinney, Donald G. ; Pieters, Bartijn C. H. ; Pink, Ryan Charles ; Pisetsky, David S. ; Pogge von Strandmann, Elke ; Polakovicova, Iva ; Poon, Ivan K. H. ; Powell, Bonita H. ; Prada, Ilaria ; Pulliam, Lynn ; Quesenberry, Peter ; Radeghieri, Annalisa ; Raffai, Robert L. ; Raimondo, Stefania ; Rak, Janusz ; Ramirez, Marcel I. ; Raposo, Graça ; Rayyan, Morsi S. ; Regev-Rudzki, Neta ; Ricklefs, Franz Lennard ; Robbins, Paul D. ; Roberts, David D. ; Rodrigues, Silvia C. ; Rohde, Eva ; Rome, Sophie ; Rouschop, Kasper M. ; Rughetti, Aurelia ; Russell, Ashley E. ; Saá, Paula ; Sahoo, Susmita ; Salas-Huenuleo, Edison ; Sánchez, Catherine ; Saugstad, Julie A. ; Saul, Meike J. ; Schiffelers, Raymond M. ; Schneider, Raphael ; Schøyen, Tine Hiorth ; Scott, Aaron ; Shahaj, Eriomina ; Sharma, Shivani ; Shatnyeva, Olga ; Shekari, Faezeh ; Shelke, Ganesh Vilas ; Shetty, Ashok K. ; Shiba, Kiyotaka ; Siljander, Pia R.-M. ; Silva, Andreia M. ; Skowronek, Agata ; Snyder, Orman L. ; Soares, Rodrigo Pedro ; Sódar, Barbara W. ; Soekmadji, Carolina ; Sotillo, Javier ; Stahl, Philip D. ; Stoorvogel, Willem ; Stott, Shannon L. ; Strasser, Erwin F. ; Swift, Simon ; Tahara, Hidetoshi ; Tewari, Muneesh ; Timms, Kate ; Tiwari, Swasti ; Tixeira, Rochelle ; Tkach, Mercedes ; Toh, Wei Seong ; Tomasini, Richard ; Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia ; Tosar, Juan Pablo ; Toxavidis, Vasilis ; Urbanelli, Lorena ; Vader, Pieter ; Balkom, Bastiaan Wilhelmus Maria van ; Grein, Susanne G. van der ; Van Deun, Jan ; Herwijnen, Martijn J. C. van ; Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall R. ; Niel, Guillaume van ; Royen, Martin E. van ; Wijnen, Andre J. van ; Vasconcelos, M. Helena ; Vechetti, Ivan J. ; Veit, Tiago D. ; Vella, Laura J. ; Velot, Émilie ; Verweij, Frederik ; Vestad, Beate ; Viñas, Jose Luis ; Visnovitz, Tamás ; Vukman, Krisztina V. ; Wahlgren, Jessica ; Watson, Dionysios C. ; Wauben, Marca H. M. ; Weaver, Alissa ; Webber, Jason P. ; Weber, Viktoria ; Wehman, Ann M. ; Weiss, Daniel J. ; Welsh, Joshua A. ; Wendt, Sebastian ; Wheelock, Åsa M. ; Wiener, Zoltán ; Witte, Leonie ; Wolfram, Joy ; Xagorari, Angeliki ; Xander, Patricia ; Xu, Jing ; Yan, Xiaomei ; Yáñez-Mó, María ; Yin, Hang ; Yuana, Yuana ; Zappulli, Valentina ; Zarubova, Jana ; Žėkas, Vytautas ; Zhang, Jian-ye ; Zhao, Zezhou ; Zheng, Lei ; Zheutlin, Alexander R. ; Zickler, Antje Maria ; Zimmermann, Pascale ; Zivkovic, Angela M. ; Zocco, Davide ; Zuba-Surma, Ewa K.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.