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Die Schizophrenie ist eine der wesentlichen psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Obschon seit langem bekannt, bleibt insbesondere die Schizophrenie trotz zahlreicher und aufwändiger Forschungsansätze hinsichtlich ihrer vielfältigen Erscheinungsmöglichkeiten bislang in ihrem Grunde unverstanden und rätselhaft. Neuere Studien der letzten Jahre lenkten das Interesse u.a. auf die Region des präfrontalen Cortex, dessen Grundfunktionen durch die Schizophrenie besonders alteriert zu sein scheinen. Morphometrische Arbeiten ergaben Hinweise für eine Reduktion des Neuropils in diesem Gebiet. Diesem zugrunde liegend wird eine Reduktion der dendritischen Substanz diskutiert. Diesen Hinweisen für eine Konnektivitätsalteration ist die vorliegende Studie nachgegangen. Es wurde die bislang kaum derartig untersuchte Area 9, als bedeutende und zentrale Region des präfrontalen Cortex, aus einem Kollektiv von 10 Schizophrenen und 8 Kontrollen für jeweils beide Hemisphären präpariert und mittels der Golgi-Methode dargestellt. Der Fokus lag hierbei auf dem basalen Dendritenbaum pyramidaler Neurone der Lamina III und V. Pro Lamina wurden 10 Zellen erfasst und damit pro Fall 40 Zellen (2 Laminae pro Hemisphäre) dargestellt. Insgesamt konnten so 720 Zellen graphisch dargestellt werden (400 Zellen bei Schizophrenen und 320 bei Kontrollen). Der basale Dendritenbaum dieser Zellen wurde morphometrisch mittels der Analyse nach Sholl, der Analyse der Dendritengenerationen und mittels eines Spannbreitenvergleichs ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Sholl-Analyse und der Analyse der Dendritengenerationen bezogen auf die Lamina III beider Hemisphären ergeben eine in den mittleren und späteren Verzweigungsabständen bzw. Generationen nahezu durchgängige Tendenz erhöhter dendritischer Parameter des schizophrenen Kollektivs im Vergleich zu dem der Kontrollen. Statistische Signifikanz erlangt diese Tendenz in Bezug auf die Lamina III der rechten Hemisphäre sowohl in der IV. Generation (p = 0,03) als auch in einem Verzweigungsabstand von 100 μm (p = 0,01). Zudem ergibt sich in dem zusätzlich durchgeführten Spannbreitenvergleich erneut für die Lamina III eine fast durchgehend erhöhte Spannbreite des schizophrenen Kollektivs. In Lamina V dagegen ergibt sich ein weitgehend homogenes Bild beider Kollektive in allen verwandten Analysen. Die Annahme einer Reduktion des Neuropils basierend auf einer Verminderung der dendritischen Substanz im präfrontalen Cortex Schizophrener wird daher durch diese Studie der Lamina III und V der Area 9 und die hierbei angewandten Analysen nicht bestätigt. Dagegen finden sich bezogen auf die Lamina III der Area 9 morphometrisch Hinweise für eine vermehrte dendritische Substanz und eine heterogenere dendritische Architektur im schizophrenen Kollektiv. Diese Beobachtungen können einen wichtigen zusätzlichen Beitrag zu der bei dieser Erkrankung pathogenetisch diskutierten Konnektivitätsalteration darstellen. Als Erklärungsansätze dieser Ergebnisse bieten sich eine Rückbildungsstörung der embryonalen Dendritogenese, ein alterierter Subtyp pyramidaler Neurone der Lamina III oder eine unterschiedliche Ausprägung dieser Befunde bei den verschiedenen Subtypen der Schizophrenie an. Eine definitive Zuordnung der Ergebnisse zu einer der genannten Möglichkeiten ist anhand der Daten dieser Arbeit und des gegenwärtigen Standes der wissenschaftlichen Literatur nicht abschließend möglich. Diese Beobachtungen und die hiermit aufgeworfenen Fragen sind daher im Rahmen zukünftiger Studien zu validieren.
The pathophysiologic mechanisms behind urologic disease are increasingly being elucidated. The object of this investigation was to evaluate the publication policies of urologic journals during a period of progressively better understanding and management of urologic disease. Based on the ISI Web of Knowledge Journal Citation Reports and the PubMed database, the number and percentage of original experimental, original clinical, review or commentarial articles published between 2002–2010 in six leading urologic journals were analyzed. “British Journal of Urology International”, “European Urology”, “Urologic Oncology-Seminars and Original Investigations” (“Urologic Oncology”), “Urology”, “The Journal of Urology”, and “World Journal of Urology” were chosen, because these journals publish articles in all four categories. The publication policies of the six journals were very heterogeneous during the time period from 2002 to 2010. The percentage of original experimental and original clinical articles, related to all categories, remained the same in “British Journal of Urology International”, “Urologic Oncology”, “Urology” and “The Journal of Urology”. The percentage of experimental reports in “World Journal of Urology” between 2002–2010 significantly increased from 10 to 20%. A distinct elevation in the percentage of commentarial articles accompanied by a reduction of clinical articles became evident in “European Urology” which significantly correlated with a large increase in the journal’s impact factor. No clearly superior policy could be identified with regard to a general increase in the impact factors from all the journals. The publication policy of urologic journals does not expressly reflect the increase in scientific knowledge, which has occurred over the period 2002–2010. One way of increasing the exposure of urologists to research and expand the interface between experimental and clinical research, would be to enlarge the percentage of experimental articles published. There is no indication that such policy would be detrimental to a journal’s impact factor.
Scientists who are members of an editorial board have been accused of preferentially publishing their scientific work in the journal where they serve as editor. Reputation and academic standing do depend on an uninterrupted flow of published scientific work and the question does arise as to whether publication mainly occurs in the self-edited journal. This investigation was designed to determine whether editorial board members of five urological journals were more likely to publish their research reports in their own rather than in other journals. A retrospective analysis was conducted for all original reports published from 2001–2010 by 65 editorial board members nominated to the boards of five impact leading urologic journals in 2006. Publications before editorial board membership, 2001–2005, and publications within the period of time as an editorial board member, 2006–2010, were identified. The impact factors of the journals were also recorded over the time period 2001–2010 to see whether a change in impact factor correlated with publication locality. In the five journals as a whole, scientific work was not preferentially published in the journal in which the scientists served as editor. However, significant heterogeneity among the journals was evident. One journal showed a significant increase in the amount of published papers in the ‘own’ journal after assumption of editorship, three journals showed no change and one journal showed a highly significant decrease in publishing in the ‘own’ journal after assumption of editorship.
Poster presentation: The mammalian pineal organ is a peripheral oscillator, depending on afferent information from the so-called master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. One of the best studied outputs of the pineal gland is the small and hydrophobic molecule melatonin. In all vertebrates, melatonin is synthesized rhythmically with high levels at night, signalling the body the duration of the dark period. Changes or disruptions of melatonin rhythms in humans are related to a number of pathophysiological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease, seasonal affective disorder or the Smith-Magenis-Syndrome. To use melatonin in preventive or curative interferences with the human circadian system, a complete understanding of the generation of the rhythmic melatonin signal in the human pineal gland is essential. Melatonin biosynthesis is best studied in the rodent pineal gland, where the activity of the penultimate and rate-limiting enzyme, the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), is regulated on the transcriptional level, whereas the regulatory role of the ultimate enzymatic step, achieved by the hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), is still under debate. In rodents, Aa-nat mRNA is about 100-fold elevated during the night in response to adrenergic stimulation of the cAMP-signalling pathway, with AA-NAT protein levels closely following this dynamics. In contrast, in all ungulates studied so far (cow, sheep), a post-transcriptional regulation of the AA-NAT is central to determine rhythmic melatonin synthesis. AA-NAT mRNA levels are constantly elevated, and lead to a constitutive up-regulation of AA-NAT protein, which is, however, rapidly degraded via proteasomal proteolysis during the day. AA-NAT proteolysis is only terminated upon the nocturnal increase in cAMP levels. Similar to ungulates, a post-transcriptional control of this enzyme seems evident in the pineal gland of the primate Macaca mulatta. Studies on the molecular basis of melatonin synthesis in the human being are sparse and almost exclusively based on phenomenological data, derived from non-invasive investigations. Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of the hormonal message of darkness can currently only be deciphered using autoptic material. We therefore analyzed in human post-mortem pineal tissue Aa-nat and Hiomt mRNA levels, AA-NAT and HIOMT enzyme activity, and melatonin levels for the first time simultaneously within tissue samples of the same specimen. Here presented data show the feasibility of this approach. Our results depict a clear diurnal rhythm in AA-NAT activity and melatonin content, despite constant values for Aa-nat and Hiomt mRNA, and for HIOMT activity. Notably, the here elevated AA-NAT activity during the dusk period does not correspond to a simultaneous elevation in melatonin content. It is currently unclear whether this finding may suggest a more important role of the ultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis, the HIOMT, for rate-limiting the melatonin rhythm, as reported recently for the rodent pineal gland. Thus, our data support for the first time experimentally that post-transcriptional mechanisms are responsible for the generation of rhythmic melatonin synthesis in the human pineal gland.
Background: Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) advanced the diagnostic and prognostic potential for prostate cancer (PCa). However, due to PSA’s lack of specificity, novel biomarkers are needed to improve risk assessment and ensure optimal personalized therapy. A set of protein molecules as potential biomarkers was therefore evaluated in serum of PCa patients.
Methods: Serum samples from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RPE) for biopsy-proven PCa without neoadjuvant treatment were compared to serum samples from healthy subjects. Preliminary screening of 119 proteins in 10 PCa patients and 10 controls was carried out by the Proteome Profiler Antibody Array. Those markers showing distinct differences between patients and controls were then further evaluated by ELISA in the serum of 165 PCa patients and 19 controls. Uni- and multivariate as well as correlation analysis were performed to test the capability of these molecules to detect disease and predict pathological outcome.
Results: Screening showed that soluble (s)E-cadherin, E-selectin, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2, Galectin and Clusterin warranted further evaluation. sE-Cadherin, TIMP1, Galectin and Clusterin were significantly over- and MMP9 under-expressed in PCa compared to controls. The concentration of sE-cadherin, MMP2 and Clusterin correlated negatively and that of MMP9 and TIMP1 positively with the Gleason Sum at prostatectomy. Only sE-cadherin significantly correlated with the highest Gleason pattern. Compared to serum PSA, sE-cadherin provided an independent and better matching predictive ability for discriminating PCas with an upgrade at RPE and aggressive tumors with a Gleason Sum ≥7.
Conclusions: sE-cadherin performed most favorably from a large panel of serum proteins in terms of diagnostic and predictive potential in curatively treatable PCa. sE-cadherin merits further investigation as a biomarker for PCa.
Multicentre comparison of quantitative PCR-based assays to detect SARS-CoV-2, Germany, March 2020
(2020)
Containment strategies and clinical management of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients during the current pandemic depend on reliable diagnostic PCR assays for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we compare 11 different RT-PCR test systems used in seven diagnostic laboratories in Germany in March 2020. While most assays performed well, we identified detection problems in a commonly used assay that may have resulted in false-negative test results during the first weeks of the pandemic.