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We present STAR measurements of charged hadron production as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV . The measurements cover a phase space region of 0.2< pT <6.0 GeV/c in transverse momentum and -1< eta <1 in pseudorapidity. Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons in the pseudorapidity region 0.5< | eta | <1 are reported and compared to our previously published results for | eta | <0.5 . No significant difference is seen for inclusive pT distributions of charged hadrons in these two pseudorapidity bins. We measured dN/d eta distributions and truncated mean pT in a region of pT > pcutT , and studied the results in the framework of participant and binary scaling. No clear evidence is observed for participant scaling of charged hadron yield in the measured pT region. The relative importance of hard scattering processes is investigated through binary scaling fraction of particle production.
Results on high transverse momentum charged particle emission with respect to the reaction plane are presented for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. Two- and four-particle correlations results are presented as well as a comparison of azimuthal correlations in Au+Au collisions to those in p+p at the same energy. The elliptic anisotropy v2 is found to reach its maximum at pt~3 GeV/c, then decrease slowly and remain significant up to pt ~ 7-10 GeV/c. Stronger suppression is found in the back-to-back high-pt particle correlations for particles emitted out of plane compared to those emitted in plane. The centrality dependence of v2 at intermediate pt is compared to simple models based on jet quenching.
Transverse energy ( ET ) distributions have been measured for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC. ET is constructed from its hadronic and electromagnetic components, which have been measured separately. ET production for the most central collisions is well described by several theoretical models whose common feature is large energy density achieved early in the fireball evolution. The magnitude and centrality dependence of ET per charged particle agrees well with measurements at lower collision energy, indicating that the growth in ET for larger collision energy results from the growth in particle production. The electromagnetic fraction of the total ET is consistent with a final state dominated by mesons and independent of centrality.
We present data on e+ e- pair production accompanied by nuclear breakup in ultraperipheral gold-gold collisions at a center of mass energy of 200 GeV per nucleon pair. The nuclear breakup requirement selects events at small impact parameters, where higher-order diagrams for pair production should be enhanced. We compare the data with two calculations: one based on the equivalent photon approximation, and the other using lowest-order quantum electrodynamics (QED). The data distributions agree with both calculations, except that the pair transverse momentum spectrum disagrees with the equivalent photon approach. We set limits on higher-order contributions to the cross section.
The transverse mass spectra and midrapidity yields for Xi s and Omega s are presented. For the 10% most central collisions, the Xi -bar+/h- ratio increases from the Super Proton Synchrotron to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider energies while the Xi -/h- stays approximately constant. A hydrodynamically inspired model fit to the Xi spectra, which assumes a thermalized source, seems to indicate that these multistrange particles experience a significant transverse flow effect, but are emitted when the system is hotter and the flow is smaller than values obtained from a combined fit to pi , K, p, and Lambda s.
The pseudorapidity asymmetry and centrality dependence of charged hadron spectra in d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV are presented. The charged particle density at midrapidity, its pseudorapidity asymmetry, and centrality dependence are reasonably reproduced by a multiphase transport model, by HIJING, and by the latest calculations in a saturation model. Ratios of transverse momentum spectra between backward and forward pseudorapidity are above unity for pT below 5 GeV/c . The ratio of central to peripheral spectra in d+Au collisions shows enhancement at 2< pT <6 GeV/c , with a larger effect at backward rapidity than forward rapidity. Our measurements are in qualitative agreement with gluon saturation and in contrast to calculations based on incoherent multiple partonic scatterings.
The short-lived K(892)* resonance provides an efficient tool to probe properties of the hot and dense medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We report measurements of K* in sqrt[sNN]=200GeV Au+Au and p+p collisions reconstructed via its hadronic decay channels K(892)*0-->K pi and K(892)*±-->K0S pi ± using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The K*0 mass has been studied as a function of pT in minimum bias p+p and central Au+Au collisions. The K*pT spectra for minimum bias p+p interactions and for Au+Au collisions in different centralities are presented. The K*/K yield ratios for all centralities in Au+Au collisions are found to be significantly lower than the ratio in minimum bias p+p collisions, indicating the importance of hadronic interactions between chemical and kinetic freeze-outs. A significant nonzero K*0 elliptic flow (v2) is observed in Au+Au collisions and is compared to the K0S and Lambda v2. The nuclear modification factor of K* at intermediate pT is similar to that of K0S but different from Lambda . This establishes a baryon-meson effect over a mass effect in the particle production at intermediate pT (2<pT <= 4GeV/c).
Midrapidity open charm spectra from direct reconstruction of D0(D0-bar)-->K± pi ± in d+Au collisions and indirect electron-positron measurements via charm semileptonic decays in p+p and d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV are reported. The D0(D0-bar) spectrum covers a transverse momentum (pT) range of 0.1<pT<3 GeV/c, whereas the electron spectra cover a range of 1<pT<4 GeV/c. The electron spectra show approximate binary collision scaling between p+p and d+Au collisions. From these two independent analyses, the differential cross section per nucleon-nucleon binary interaction at midrapidity for open charm production from d+Au collisions at BNL RHIC is d sigma NNcc-bar/dy=0.30±0.04(stat)±0.09(syst) mb. The results are compared to theoretical calculations. Implications for charmonium results in A+A collisions are discussed.
Correlations in the hadron distributions produced in relativistic Au+Au collisions are studied in the discrete wavelet expansion method. The analysis is performed in the space of pseudorapidity (| eta | <= 1) and azimuth(full 2 pi ) in bins of transverse momentum (pt) from 0.14 <= pt <= 2.1GeV/c. In peripheral Au+Au collisions a correlation structure ascribed to minijet fragmentation is observed. It evolves with collision centrality and pt in a way not seen before, which suggests strong dissipation of minijet fragmentation in the longitudinally expanding medium.
Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV
(2003)
Directed and elliptic flow measurements for charged pions and protons are reported as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality for 40 and 158A GeV Pb + Pb collisions as recorded by the NA49 detector. Both the standard method of correlating particles with an event plane, and the cumulant method of studying multiparticle correlations are used. In the standard method the directed flow is corrected for conservation of momentum. In the cumulant method elliptic flow is reconstructed from genuine 4, 6, and 8-particle correlations, showing the first unequivocal evidence for collective motion in A+A collisions at SPS energies.
Azimuthally sensitive Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV
(2004)
We present the results of a systematic study of the shape of the pion distribution in coordinate space at freeze-out in Au+Au collisions at BNL RHIC using two-pion Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry. Oscillations of the extracted HBT radii versus emission angle indicate sources elongated perpendicular to the reaction plane. The results indicate that the pressure and expansion time of the collision system are not sufficient to completely quench its initial shape.
Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
The large acceptance and high momentum resolution as well as the significant particle identification capabilities of the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS allow for a broad study of fluctuations and correlations in hadronic interactions. In the first part recent results on event-by-event charge and p_t fluctuations are presented. Charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb reactions are investigated at three different beam energies (40, 80, and 158 AGeV), while for the p_t fluctuations the focus is put on the system size dependence at 158 AGeV. In the second part recent results on Bose Einstein correlations of h-h- pairs in minimum bias Pb+Pb reactions at 40 and 158 AGeV, as well as of K+K+ and K-K- pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are shown. Additionally, other types of two particle correlations, namely pi p, Lambda p, and Lambda Lambda correlations, have been measured by the NA49 experiment. Finally, results on the energy and system size dependence of deuteron coalescence are discussed.
The experiment NA49 at the CERN SPS is a large acceptance detector for charmed hadrons. The identification of neutral strange hadrons Lambda and AntiLambda is based on the measurement of their charged decay particles and the reconstruciton of the decay vertex. The charged particles were measured with the 4 time projection chambers (TPC), two of them are situated inside 2 large dipole magnets, the two others are downstream of the magnet. Lambda and AntiLambda baryons have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 160 GeV/nucleon over a wide range in rapidity (1 - 5) and transverse momentum (0 - 3 GeV/c). Particle yields and spectra will be shown for the different energies. The results will be put into the existing systematics of Lambda-production as a function of beam energy.
Vortrag gehalten an der Tagung "The XVI International Conference on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, organized by SUBATECH Laboratory", in Nantes, France, 18-24 Juli 2002.
Zielsetzung der ultrarelativistischen Schwerionenphysik ist es, hoch verdichtete und stark erhitzte Kernmaterie (gemeint ist hierbei nicht nur die Materie der Atomkerne, sondern allgemein stark wechselwirkende Materie) im Labor zu erzeugen und deren Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Gitter-QCD Rechnungen sagen bei einer kritischen Energiedichte von 1-2 GeV/fm3 einen Übergang der hadronischen Materie in eine partonische Phase, dem Quark-Gluon-Plasma, voraus. Neben anderen Observablen wurde die Seltsamkeitsproduktion als mögliche Signatur für den Materiezustand quasifreier Quarks und Gluonen vorgeschlagen. Im Vergleich zu elementaren Nukleon-Nukleon-Reaktionen beobachtet man in Schwerionenkollisionen generell eine Überhöhung der Seltsamkeitsproduktion. Inwieweit dieser Unterschied bei allen Schwerpunktenergie auf rein hadronische Phänomene zurückgeführt werden kann, oder ob partonische Gleichgewichtseffekte eine wesentliche Rolle spielen, ist derzeit eines der wichtigen Themen der Schwerionenphysik. Antworten auf diese Fragen erhofft man sich aus der Untersuchung der Energieabhängigkeit der Erzeugung seltsamer Hadronen. Die NA49 Kollaboration hat deshalb am CERN-SPS ein Energie-Scan Programm aufgelegt, in dem zentrale Blei-Blei-Kollisionen bei 40, 80 und 158 A·GeV untersucht wurden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Produktion von Lambda und Antilambda Hyperonen bei den drei verschiedenen Strahlenergien untersucht. Lambda Hyperonen, die 30-60% der produzierten s-Quarks enthalten, erlauben neben der Seltsamkeitsproduktion gleichzeitig auch den durch die kollidierenden Kerne erzeugten Effekt der Baryonendichte zu studieren. Das NA49 Experiment führt präzise Messungen des hadronischen Endzustands über einen weiten Akzeptanzbereich durch. Die geladenen Sekundärteilchen werden in vier hochauflösenden Spurdriftkammern gemessen. Neutrale seltsame Teilchen (Lambda, Antilambda und K0s) werden anhand ihrer Zerfallstopologie identifiziert. Die untersuchten Lambda Hyperonen werden über drei Rapiditätseinheiten um den Bereich zentraler Rapidität und mit Transversalimpulsen von 0,4 und 2,5 GeV/c gemessen. Die Temperaturparameter der Lambda und Antilambda Transversalimpulsverteilungen bei zentraler Rapidität sind für die drei Energien im Rahmen der Fehler gleich. Als Funktion der Schwerpunktenergie beobachtet man einen Anstieg des Lambda-Temperaturparameters, was durch eine Erhöhung des kollektiven transversalen Flusses erklärt werden kann. Erste Ergebnisse zur Proton-Produktion zeigen einen ähnlichen Trend. Die Rapiditätsverteilungen der Lambda sind breiter als die der Antilambda-Hyperonen. Die Lambda Rapiditätsverteilung verbreitert sich mit ansteigender Schwerpunktenergie von einer bei zentraler Rapidität konzentrierten Verteilung bei 40 A·GeV zu einem flachen Verlauf bei 158 A·GeV. Die Lambdas enthalten Beiträge der extrem kurzlebigen Sigma 0, die elektromagnetisch in ein Lambda und ein Photon zerfallen. Die in der Analyse selektierten Lambda und Antilambda sind aufgrund der gewählten Qualitätskriterien nahezu frei von Beiträgen mehrfachseltsamer Baryonen. Der systematische Fehler der Spektren konnte zu 9% abgeschätzt werden. Die Korrekturen und die Analyseprozedur wurden durch die Extraktion des K0s Mesons bei 158 A·GeV und den Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit denen der geladenen Kaonen überprüft. Man stellt eine gute Übereinstimmung fest. Zusammen mit Ergebnissen bei niedrigeren Energien läßt sich die Anregungsfunktion der Lambda und AntiLambda Hyperonen studieren. Während die Lambda Multiplizität bei mittlerer Rapidität nach dem Anstieg bei niedrigen Energien im SPS-Energiebereich leicht abfällt bzw. die totale Multiplizität saturiert, beobachtet man für die AntiLambda einen stetigen Anstieg als Funktion der Schwerpunktenergie. Das <Lambda>/<Pi>-Verhältnis in Kern-Kern-Kollisionen zeigt einen steilen Anstieg im AGS-Energiebereich mit anschließendem Maximum und einem Abfall bei SPS-Energien. Dagegen beobachtet man in Nukleon-Nukleon-Reaktionen eine Saturation dieses Verhältnisses bei etwa der höchsten AGS-Energie. Die Normierung auf die Pionen dient dem Vergleich der Produktionsraten in Kern-Kern-Stößen mit denen der elementaren Systeme und ist unabhängig von der Anzahl der beteiligten Nukleonen. Das Maximum des Lambda/Pi Verhältnisses liegt zwischen 10 und 40 A·GeV, wie es von statistischen Modellen vorhergesagt wird. Die Energieabhängigkeit des Lambda/Pi-Verhältnisses läßt sich dementsprechend gut mit dem Statistischen Modell von Cleymans, Redlich et al. beschreiben. Der generelle Trend des Lambda/Pi Verhältnisses wird von den mikroskopischen Modellen (UrQMD, HSD, RQMD) richtig wiedergegeben, wobei jedoch die Datenpunkte (besonders für 40 A·GeV) unterschätzt werden. Die Vorhersagen des UrQMD- und HSD-Modells für die Lambda Rapiditätsverteilung zeigen sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit den Daten. Die Diskrepanz im Lambda/Pi Verhältnis ist somit auf die überschätzte Pion-Produktion zurückzuführen. Die AntiLambda Produktion wird von dem UrQMD- und RQMD-Modell um mehr als einen Faktor zwei unterschätzt. Die Lambda und Antilambda Produktionsraten für alle drei Energien und die totale K0s Multiplizität bei 158 A·GeV fügen sich in einer statistischen Modellanalyse von Becattini in die Systematik der anderen Teilchen ein. Der Seltsamkeits-Saturationsfaktor gamma s zeigt keine große Änderung als Funktion der Energie. Das AntiLambda/Lambda Verhältnis bei mittlerer Rapidität, das den Paarproduktionsprozess widerspiegelt, steigt rapide von AGS- bis RHIC-Energien an. Der gleiche Trend ist für das ¯p/p Verhältnis beobachtbar. Das AntiLambda/¯p Verhältnis erlaubt das Zusammenspiel der Produktions und Annihilationsprozesse zu studieren. Im SPS-Energiebereich steigt dieses Verhältnis mit abnehmender Schwerpunktenergie leicht an. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden auf der Strange-Quark-Matter Konferenz 2001 [1] und der Quark-Matter Konferenz 2002 [2] vorgestellt und diskutiert.
In this paper we present recent results from the NA49 experiment for Lambda and Lambda hyperons produced in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A GeV. Transverse mass spectra and rapidity distributions for Lambda are shown for all three energies. The shape of the rapidity distribution becomes flatter with increasing beam energy. The multiplicities at mid-rapidity as well as the total yields are studied as a function of collision energy including AGS measurements. The ratio Lambda/pi at mid-rapidity and in 4 pi has a maximum around 40 A GeV. In addition, Lambda rapidity distributions have been measured at 40 and 80 A GeV, which allows to study the Lambda Lambda ratio.
The energy dependence of hadron production in central Pb+Pb collisions is presented and discussed. In particular, midrapidity m_T-spectra for pi-, K-, K+, p, bar p, d, phi, Lambda and bar Lambda at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown. In addition Xi and Omega spectra are available at 158 AGeV. The spectra allow to determine the thermal freeze-out temperature T and the transverse flow velocity beta_T at the three energies. We do not observe a significant energy dependence of these parameters; furthermore there is no indication of early thermal freeze-out of Xi and Omega at 158 AGeV. Rapidity spectra for pi-, K-, K+ and phi at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown, as well as first results on Omega rapidity distributions at 158 AGeV. The chemical freeze-out parameters T and mu_B at the three energies are determined from the total yields. The parameters are close to the expected phase boundary in the SPS energy range and above. Using the total yields of kaons and lambdas, the energy dependence of the strangeness to pion ratio is discussed. A maximum in this ratio is found at 40 AGeV. This maximum could indicate the formation of deconfined matter at energies above 40 AGeV. A search for open charm in a large sample of 158 AGeV events is presented. No signal is observed. This result is compared to several model predictions.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
Rapidity distributions for $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A$\cdot$GeV and for ${\rm K}_{s}^{0}$ mesons at 158 A$\cdot$GeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the $\Lambda/\pi$ and $\bar{\Lambda}/\pi$ is observed. The $\bar{\Lambda}/\Lambda$ ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a $\bar{\Lambda}/\bar{\rm p}$ ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 A$\cdot$GeV.