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The ALICE experiment has measured the inclusive J/ψ production in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV down to zero transverse momentum in the rapidity range 2.5<y<4. A suppression of the inclusive J/ψ yield in Pb-Pb is observed with respect to the one measured in pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, integrated over the 0-80% most central collisions, is 0.545±0.032(stat.)±0.083(syst.) and does not exhibit a significant dependence on the collision centrality. These features appear significantly different from measurements at lower collision energies. Models including J/ψ production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase can describe our data.
The ALICE experiment has measured the inclusive J/psi production in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV down to pt = 0 in the rapidity range 2.5 < y < 4. A suppression of the inclusive J/psi yield in Pb-Pb is observed with respect to the one measured in pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, integrated over the 0%-80% most central collisions, is 0.545 +/- 0.032 (stat.) +/- 0.084 (syst.) and does not exhibit a significant dependence on the collision centrality. These features appear significantly different from lower energy measurements. Models including J/psi production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase can describe our data.
Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at √s = 2.76 TeV
(2012)
The pT-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D0, D+, and D∗+ in the rapidity range |y|<0.5, and for transverse momentum 1<pT<12 GeV/c, were measured in proton-proton collisions at s√=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D0→Kπ, D+→Kππ, D∗+→D0π, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a Lint=1.1 nb−1 event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at s√=2.76 TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the pT-differential production cross sections at s√=2.76 TeV and our previous measurements at s√=7 TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.
The first measurement of neutron emission in electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC is presented. The measurement is performed using the neutron Zero Degree Calorimeters of the ALICE experiment, which detect neutral particles close to beam rapidity. The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV with neutron emission are σsingle EMD=187.4±0.2 (stat.) +13.2−11.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD=5.7±0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV
(2012)
The production of the prompt charm mesons D0, D+, D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV per nucleon--nucleon collision. The pT-differential production yields in the range 2<pT<16 GeV/c at central rapidity, |y|<0.5, were used to calculate the nuclear modification factor RAA with respect to a proton-proton reference obtained from the cross section measured at s√=7 TeV and scaled to s√=2.76 TeV. For the three meson species, RAA shows a suppression by a factor 3-4, for transverse momenta larger than 5 GeV/c in the 20% most central collisions. The suppression is reduced for peripheral collisions.
Die Peritonitis bezeichnet eine durch Bakterien oder chemische Noxen ausgelöste Entzündung des Peritoneums. Entwickelt sich aus der lokalisierten Entzündung der Bauchhöhle durch Abstrom bakterieller Bestandteile in die systemische Zirkulation eine generalisierte Sepsis mit multiplem Organversagen, beträgt die Letalität trotz chirurgischer Herdsanierung, intensivmedizinischer Betreuung und potenter Antibiotikatherapie 20-50%. Eine entscheidende Rolle in der Abwehr der Peritonitis tragen polymorphkernige Leukozyten. PMNL werden bei einer Infektion der Abdominalhöhle durch chemotaktile Botenstoffe zum Fokus gelockt und tragen durch Phagozytose der Bakterien und Sauerstoffradikalproduktion entscheidend zur Elimination der Mikroorganismen bei. Viele Untersuchungen weisen jedoch auch darauf hin, daß überschießend aktivierte zirkulierende PMNL für die Pathologie des septischen multiplen Organversagens mitverantwortlich sind. Die vorliegende Studie dient der Charakterisierung der Sauerstoffradikalproduktion emigrierter und zirkulierender PMNL bei Patienten mit sekundärer Peritonitis. Hierfür wurde mit Hilfe der luzigenin- bzw. luminolverstärkten Chemilumineszenz die extra- sowie intrazelluläre Sauerstoffradikalproduktion polymorphkerniger Leukozyten bestimmt. Dabei wurde die Sauerstoffradikalproduktion von Patienten mit unkompliziertem Verlauf einer Peritonitis mit der der Peritonitispatienten mit systemischen Komplikationen (septischer Schock, multiples Organversagen) verglichen. Acht Patienten nach abdominalchirurgischer Operation ohne Infektion dienten als Kontrollen. Eine Aktivierung der extrazellulären und intrazellulären Sauerstoffradikalproduktion polymorphkerniger Leukozyten war durch rezeptorabhängige und rezeptor-unabhängige Stimuli möglich. Bei Patienten nach abdominalchirurgischer Operation ohne Infektion war die Sauerstoffradikalproduktion der in die Bauchhöhle emigrierten PMNL höher als die zirkulierender PMNL. Auch bei Patienten mit einer unkomplizierten Peritonitis war die Sauerstoffradikalproduktion der intraabdominalen Granulozyten stärker aktivierbar als die der zPMNL. Im Gegensatz hierzu war jedoch bei Peritonitispatienten mit systemischen Komplikationen die extrazelluläre sowie auch die intrazelluläre Sauerstoffradikal-produktion emigrierter, intraabdominaler PMNL reduziert. Die stimulierte Sauerstoff-radikalproduktion zirkulierender PMNL war bei Patienten mit schwerer Peritonitis hochgradig aktivierbar und übertraf die der emigrierten PMNL. Die hohe Sauerstoffradikalproduktion zirkulierender PMNL bei Patienten mit kompliziertem Verlauf einer Peritonitis verbunden mit einer erniedrigten Sauerstoffradikalproduktion emigrierter polymorphkerniger Leukozyten sprechen für eine überaus starke systemische Aktivierung der Leukozyten. Dagegen scheint die lokale Abwehr im Rahmen einer schweren Peritonitis supprimiert. Die bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung erfaßten hohen intraabdominalen Zytokinkonzen-trationen könnten für eine Deaktivierung emigrierter Leukozyten verantwortlich sein. Zudem könnte die systemische Hyperinflammation polymorphkerniger Leukozyten mit einer vorzeitigen Einleitung der Apoptose und konsekutiver lokaler Immunparalyse verbunden sein. Wenig ist bis heute über die Modulierbarkeit emigrierter, intraabdominaler polymorphkerniger Leukozyten durch antiinflammatorische Substanzen bekannt. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Untersuchung die Suppression der Sauerstoff-radikalproduktion emigrierter polymorphkerniger Leukozyten durch verschiedene antiinflammatorische Substanzen erprobt. Der Einfluß dieser Substanzen auf die Phagozytoseaktivität emigrierter PMNL wurde mit Hilfe der Durchflußzytometrie evaluiert. Chloramin, Buflomedilhydrochlorid und Pentoxiphyllin konnten die Sauerstoffradikal-produktion der emigrierten polymorphkernigen Leukozyten supprimieren, ohne die Phagozytosekapazität der Leukozyten zu beeinträchtigen.
Holocene climate was characterised by variability on multi-centennial to multi-decadal time scales. In central Europe, these fluctuations were most pronounced during winter. Here we present a record of past winter climate variability for the last 10.8 ka based on four speleothems from Bunker Cave, western Germany. Due to its central European location, the cave site is particularly well suited to record changes in precipitation and temperature in response to changes in the North Atlantic realm. We present high-resolution records of δ18O, δ13C values and Mg/Ca ratios. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio are attributed to past meteoric precipitation variability. The stable C isotope composition of the speleothems most likely reflects changes in vegetation and precipitation, and variations in the δ18O signal are interpreted as variations in meteoric precipitation and temperature. We found cold and dry periods between 8 and 7 ka, 6.5 and 5.5 ka, 4 and 3 ka as well as between 0.7 and 0.2 ka. The proxy signals in the Bunker Cave stalagmites compare well with other isotope records and, thus, seem representative for central European Holocene climate variability. The prominent 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age cold events are both recorded in the Bunker Cave record. However, these events show a contrasting relationship between climate and δ18O, which is explained by different causes underlying the two climate anomalies. Whereas the Little Ice Age is attributed to a pronounced negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the 8.2 ka event was triggered by cooler conditions in the North Atlantic due to a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation.
Holocene climate was characterised by variability on multi-centennial to multi-decadal time scales. In central Europe, these fluctuations were most pronounced during winter. Here we present a new record of past winter climate variability for the last 10.8 ka based on four speleothems from Bunker Cave, Western Germany. Due to its central European location, the cave site is particularly well suited to record changes in precipitation and temperature in response to changes in the North Atlantic realm. We present high resolution records of δ18O, δ13C values and Mg/Ca ratios. We attribute changes in the Mg/Ca ratio to variations in the meteoric precipitation. The stable C isotope composition of the speleothems most likely reflects changes in vegetation and precipitation and variations in the δ18O signal are interpreted as variations in meteoric precipitation and temperature. We found cold and dry periods between 9 and 7 ka, 6.5 and 5.5 ka, 4 and 3 ka as well as between 0.7 to 0.2 ka. The proxy signals in our stalagmites compare well with other isotope records and, thus, seem representative for central European Holocene climate variability. The prominent 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age cold events are both recorded in the Bunker cave record. However, these events show a contrasting relationship between climate and δ18O, which is explained by different causes underlying the two climate anomalies. Whereas the Little Ice Age is attributed to a pronounced negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the 8.2 ka event was triggered by cooler conditions in the North Atlantic due to a slowdown of the Thermohaline Circulation.
Epigenetic signatures such as methylation of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been found to be altered in panic disorder (PD). Hypothesizing temporal plasticity of epigenetic processes as a mechanism of successful fear extinction, the present psychotherapy-epigenetic study for we believe the first time investigated MAOA methylation changes during the course of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. MAOA methylation was compared between N=28 female Caucasian PD patients (discovery sample) and N=28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA extracted from blood cells. MAOA methylation was furthermore analyzed at baseline (T0) and after a 6-week CBT (T1) in the discovery sample parallelized by a waiting time in healthy controls, as well as in an independent sample of female PD patients (N=20). Patients exhibited lower MAOA methylation than healthy controls (P<0.001), and baseline PD severity correlated negatively with MAOA methylation (P=0.01). In the discovery sample, MAOA methylation increased up to the level of healthy controls along with CBT response (number of panic attacks; T0–T1: +3.37±2.17%), while non-responders further decreased in methylation (−2.00±1.28%; P=0.001). In the replication sample, increases in MAOA methylation correlated with agoraphobic symptom reduction after CBT (P=0.02–0.03). The present results support previous evidence for MAOA hypomethylation as a PD risk marker and suggest reversibility of MAOA hypomethylation as a potential epigenetic correlate of response to CBT. The emerging notion of epigenetic signatures as a mechanism of action of psychotherapeutic interventions may promote epigenetic patterns as biomarkers of lasting extinction effects.
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is the most common B-cell lymphoma in children. Within the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 39 sporadic BL. Here, we unravel interaction of structural, mutational, and transcriptional changes, which contribute to MYC oncogene dysregulation together with the pathognomonic IG-MYC translocation. Moreover, by mapping IGH translocation breakpoints, we provide evidence that the precursor of at least a subset of BL is a B-cell poised to express IGHA. We describe the landscape of mutations, structural variants, and mutational processes, and identified a series of driver genes in the pathogenesis of BL, which can be targeted by various mechanisms, including IG-non MYC translocations, germline and somatic mutations, fusion transcripts, and alternative splicing.