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In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte der Einfluss von langjährigem Lastkraftwagenfahren auf die posturale Kontrolle untersucht werden. Hierzu wurden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Einflussfaktoren, die mit langjährigem Lastkraftwagenfahren assoziiert sind, im Hinblick auf die posturale Kontrolle analysiert. In diesem Rahmen wurden auf einer Autobahnraststätte in Deutschland 180 (179m/1w) Lastkraftwagenfahrer im Alter von 21 bis 65 Jahren mit einer Berufserfahrung von 1 bis 45 Jahren untersucht. Mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens wurden Informationen über die Arbeitszeit und den Gesundheitszustand der Lastkraftwagenfahrer, wie beispielsweise bestehende Rückenschmerzen oder Sportverhalten, erhoben. Für die Messung der Parameter der posturalen Kontrolle in habitueller Standposition wurde die Druckmessplatte GP Multisens der Firma GeBioM (Münster, Deutschland) verwendet. Es wurde die prozentuale Druckverteilung im Vorfuß-Rückfußbereich für den linken und rechten Fuß gemessen. Des Weiteren konnte die Körperschwankung in frontaler (anterior/posterior) und sagittaler (medial/lateral) Ebene aufgezeichnet werden. Dadurch lassen sich unter anderem Rückschlüsse auf eine Verlagerung des Körperschwerpunktes ziehen. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit Hilfe des Statistikprogrammes BiAS Version 11.0 (2015). Die erhobenen Daten wurden unter Verwendung des Kolmogoroff-Smirnoff-Lillifors-Tests auf Normalverteilung getestet. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei α=5%. Daneben wurde ein zweiseitiges 95%-Konfidenzintervall sowie der Toleranzbereich der Daten berechnet. Da keine Normalverteilung der Daten vorlag, wurde der Kruskal Wallis Test mit anschließender Bonferoni-Holm Korrektur zum Vergleich der Daten eingesetzt. Die Korrelationen wurden durch einfache, lineare Korrelation nach Pearson oder Rang-Korrelation nach Spearman & Kendall berechnet. Die Studienteilnehmer wurden zusätzlich gemäß ihres BMI, ihrer bereits als Lastkraftwagenfahrer geleisteten Arbeitsjahre, nach bestehenden Rückenschmerzen und nach sportlicher Betätigung jeweils verschiedenen Gruppen zugeordnet. Die Gruppen wurden anschließend hinsichtlich der gemessenen Parameter miteinander verglichen. In Bezug auf ein zunehmendes Alter konnte eine signifikant zunehmende sagittale Schwankung (p ≤ 0,01) sowie eine erhöhte Belastung des rechten Fußes (p ≤ 0,01) gemessen werden. Im Vergleich zwischen normalgewichtigen und übergewichtigen Lastkraftwagenfahrern zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich der gemessenen Parameter der posturalen Kontrolle. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass es mit zunehmenden BMI zu einer erhöhten Schwankung in frontaler (p ≤ 0,04) und sagittaler (p ≤ 0,001) Ebene kommt. Hinsichtlich der Fußdruckbelastung kam es zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen zwischen den BMI-Gruppen. Lastkraftwagenfahrer mit mehr Arbeitsjahren zeigten erhöhte frontale und sagittale Körperschwankungen. Es lag eine signifikante, positive Korrelation zwischen der frontalen Schwankung und einer Zunahme der Arbeitsjahre (p ≤ 0,04) vor. Auch bei der sagittalen Schwankung bestand eine signifikante Korrelation (p ≤ 0,01). Lediglich bei der Belastung des rechten Vorfußes konnte eine signifikante Korrelation nachgewiesen werden (p ≤ 0,01), während bei den anderen Parametern der Fußbelastung keine signifikante Korrelation belegt werden konnte. Im Gruppenvergleich nach Arbeitsjahren zeigte sich, dass mit ansteigenden Arbeitsjahren als Lastkraftwagenfahrer zu einem Anstieg des BMI kommt. Im Vergleich von Lastkraftwagenfahrern mit und ohne Rückenschmerzen waren keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei den gemessenen Parametern der posturalen Kontrolle nachweisbar. Auch bei der Analyse des Einflusses von sportlicher Aktivität auf die posturale Kontrolle konnte kein Unterschied zwischen der Gruppe mit sportlicher Aktivität und ohne sportliche Aktivität gemessen werden.
Mit dieser Studie konnten die gesundheitsgefährdenden Einflüsse des Lastkraftwagenfahrens auf die posturale Kontrolle nachgewiesen werden. Vor allem das langjährige Sitzen und der erhöhte BMI haben einen Einfluss auf die Körperstabilität und stören die Kompensationsmechanismen der Aufrechterhaltung der posturalen Kontrolle. Die genauen Steuerungsmechanismen der Körperstabilität sind sehr komplex und wurden in dieser Studie nicht im Einzelnen analysiert. Um welche konkreten Strukturen es sich handelt, die durch das langjährige Lastkraftwagenfahren gestört werden, kann mit den Ergebnissen dieser Studie nicht erfasst werden.
Aims: The primary safety and efficacy endpoints of the randomized FIRE AND ICE trial have recently demonstrated non-inferiority of cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency current (RFC) catheter ablation in patients with drug-refractory symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the current study was to assess outcome parameters that are important for the daily clinical management of patients using key secondary analyses. Specifically, reinterventions, rehospitalizations, and quality-of-life were examined in this randomized trial of cryoballoon vs. RFC catheter ablation.
Methods and results: Patients (374 subjects in the cryoballoon group and 376 subjects in the RFC group) were evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat cohort. After the index ablation, log-rank testing over 1000 days of follow-up demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in favour of cryoballoon ablation with respect to repeat ablations (11.8% cryoballoon vs. 17.6% RFC; P = 0.03), direct-current cardioversions (3.2% cryoballoon vs. 6.4% RFC; P = 0.04), all-cause rehospitalizations (32.6% cryoballoon vs. 41.5% RFC; P = 0.01), and cardiovascular rehospitalizations (23.8% cryoballoon vs. 35.9% RFC; P < 0.01). There were no statistical differences between groups in the quality-of-life surveys (both mental and physical) as measured by the Short Form-12 health survey and the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire. There was an improvement in both mental and physical quality-of-life in all patients that began at 6 months after the index ablation and was maintained throughout the 30 months of follow-up.
Conclusion: Patients treated with cryoballoon as opposed to RFC ablation had significantly fewer repeat ablations, direct-current cardioversions, all-cause rehospitalizations, and cardiovascular rehospitalizations during follow-up. Both patient groups improved in quality-of-life scores after AF ablation.
Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01490814.
Objectives The following study analyses the influence of risk factors among the occupational group of truck drivers on postural control and body mass index (BMI).
Design Observational study.
Setting One motorway station close to several highways in Germany.
Participants 180 truck drivers (177 male/3 female), aged 21–65 years old, took part in this study.
Outcome measures Postural control was examined using a pressure plate. In order to examine the influence of body weight (BMI) and working years on postural control, subjects were divided into samples of five and three groups, respectively. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the subjects suffered from back pain. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used as the data were not normally distributed. Once the p value of the Kruskal-Wallis test was p≤0.05, the Conover-Iman comparison and afterwards the Bonferroni-Holm correction were used. The significance level was set at α ≤0.05.
Results Regarding the number of working years, a significant increase of frontal (p≤0.04) and sagittal (p≤0.001) sway were observed. The correlation of the five BMI groups with the number of working years demonstrates that an increase of the working years leads to an increase of BMI (p≤0.03). Furthermore, the majority of truck drivers participating in this study suffered from back pain (61.7%).
Conclusions BMI and musculoskeletal impairment are indicators of health risk factors. In this study, it is shown that an increasing number of working years and an increasing BMI lead to a decrease in frontal and sagittal postural sway. In addition, the number of working years correlates with body weight and back pain.
Novel therapies for lung cancer are being explored nowadays with local therapies being the tip of the arrow. Intratumoral chemotherapy administration and local microwave ablation have been investigated in several studies. It has been previously proposed that lipiodol has the ability to modify the microenvironment matrix. In our current study we investigated this theory in BALBC mice. In total 160 BALBC mice were divided in eight groups: a) control, b) cisplatin, c) microwave, d) microwave and lipiodol, e) cisplatin and lipiodol, f) microwave and cisplatin, g) lipiodol and h) lipiodol, cisplatin and microwave. Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines (106) were injected into the right back leg of each mouse. After the 8th day, when the tumor volume was about 100mm3 the therapy application was initiated, once per week for four weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each tumor when a mouse died or when sacrificed if they were still alive by the end of the experiment (8-Canal multifunctional spool; NORAS MRI products, Gmbh, Germany). Imaging and survival revealed efficient tumor apoptosis for the groups b,c,d,e and f. However; severe toxicity was observed in group h and no follow up was available for this group after the second week of therapy administration. Lipiodol in its current form does assist in a more efficient way the distribution of cisplatin, as the microwave apoptotic effect. Future modification of lipiodol might provide a more efficient method of therapy enhancement. Combination of drug and microwave ablation is possible and has an efficient apoptotic effect.
This commentary is an introduction for students to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and its Student Advisory Council (SAC). As young academics face challenges while trying to develop their careers, SETAC and the SAC help facilitate student involvement in the various communities within the society that can help to develop the students’ careers within the environmental sciences [e.g. the German Language Branch (GLB)]. This piece would also like to emphasize and pay homage to the continual cooperation between the SAC and the ESEU, which provides a scientific platform to communicate internationally and beyond the borders of SETAC, as well as offer heartfelt congratulations from the SAC to the GLB for their "20 Years SETAC GLB" and deep gratitude for their strong advocacy and support of the SAC.
Most research on human fear conditioning and its generalization has focused on adults whereas only little is known about these processes in children. Direct comparisons between child and adult populations are needed to determine developmental risk markers of fear and anxiety. We compared 267 children and 285 adults in a differential fear conditioning paradigm and generalization test. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and ratings of valence and arousal were obtained to indicate fear learning. Both groups displayed robust and similar differential conditioning on subjective and physiological levels. However, children showed heightened fear generalization compared to adults as indexed by higher arousal ratings and SCR to the generalization stimuli. Results indicate overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a developmental correlate of fear learning. The developmental change from a shallow to a steeper generalization gradient is likely related to the maturation of brain structures that modulate efficient discrimination between danger and (ambiguous) safety cues.
OBJECTIVE: There is scarce research on the effects of mindfulness in individual therapy. As many practitioners integrate mindfulness exercises into individual therapy, empirical evidence is of high clinical relevance.
METHOD: We investigated the effects of a session-introducing intervention with mindfulness elements (SIIME) in a randomized, controlled design. The effects of SIIME on therapeutic alliance and symptomatic outcome were compared with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and treatment-as-usual (TAU) control conditions. The sample comprised 162 patients with anxiety and depression.
RESULTS: Multilevel modeling revealed a significant symptom reduction and significant increase of alliance over the course of therapy. There were no significant time-condition interactions on outcome and alliance, indicating the comparable efficiency of all three treatment conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: We found no advantage of SIIME versus PMR and TAU. Add-on mindfulness might not improve individual therapy related to alliance and outcome.
Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice nucleating particles (INPs). However, an inter-comparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques.
Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nucleation research UnIT), we distributed an illite rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. Seventeen measurement methods were involved in the data inter-comparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while ten other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing dataset was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density (ns) to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (−37 °C < T < −11 °C) and covers nine orders of magnitude in ns.
Our inter-comparison results revealed a discrepancy between suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust. While the agreement was good below ~ −26 °C, the ice nucleation activity, expressed in ns, was smaller for the wet suspended samples and higher for the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about −26 and −18 °C. Only instruments making measurement techniques with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above −18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between −26 and −18 °C is discussed. In general, the seventeen immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within the range of about 7 °C in terms of temperature, by three orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency (i.e., ns) of illite NX particles is relatively independent on droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature-dependence and weak time- and size-dependence of immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns (T) spectra, and identified a section with a steep slope between −20 and −27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below −27 °C. A multiple exponential distribution fit is expressed as ns(T) = exp(23.82 × exp(−exp(0.16 × (T + 17.49))) + 1.39) based on the specific surface area and ns(T) = exp(25.75 × exp(−exp(0.13 × (T + 17.17))) + 3.34) based on the geometric area (ns and T in m−2 and °C, respectively). These new fits, constrained by using an identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and, thereby, IN data from future IN instruments.
The neutron sensitivity of the C6D6 detector setup used at n_TOF facility for capture measurements has been studied by means of detailed GEANT4 simulations. A realistic software replica of the entire n_TOF experimental hall, including the neutron beam line, sample, detector supports and the walls of the experimental area has been implemented in the simulations. The simulations have been analyzed in the same manner as experimental data, in particular by applying the Pulse Height Weighting Technique. The simulations have been validated against a measurement of the neutron background performed with a natC sample, showing an excellent agreement above 1 keV. At lower energies, an additional component in the measured natC yield has been discovered, which prevents the use of natC data for neutron background estimates at neutron energies below a few hundred eV. The origin and time structure of the neutron background have been derived from the simulations. Examples of the neutron background for two different samples are demonstrating the important role of accurate simulations of the neutron background in capture cross-section measurements.
The neutron capture cross section of 58Ni was measured at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN, from 27 meV to 400 keV neutron energy. Special care has been taken to identify all the possible sources of background, with the so-called neutron background obtained for the first time using high-precision GEANT4 simulations. The energy range up to 122 keV was treated as the resolved resonance region, where 51 resonances were identified and analyzed by a multilevel R-matrix code SAMMY. Above 122 keV the code SESH was used in analyzing the unresolved resonance region of the capture yield. Maxwellian averaged cross sections were calculated in the temperature range of kT = 5 – 100 keV, and their astrophysical implications were investigated.