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Institute
Ophthalmo-acromelic syndrome (OAS), also known as Waardenburg Anophthalmia syndrome, is defined by the combination of eye malformations, most commonly bilateral anophthalmia, with post-axial oligosyndactyly. Homozygosity mapping and subsequent targeted mutation analysis of a locus on 14q24.2 identified homozygous mutations in SMOC1 (SPARC-related modular calcium binding 1) in eight unrelated families. Four of these mutations are nonsense, two frame-shift, and two missense. The missense mutations are both in the second Thyroglobulin Type-1 (Tg1) domain of the protein. The orthologous gene in the mouse, Smoc1, shows site- and stage-specific expression during eye, limb, craniofacial, and somite development. We also report a targeted pre-conditional gene-trap mutation of Smoc1 (Smoc1tm1a) that reduces mRNA to ~10% of wild-type levels. This gene-trap results in highly penetrant hindlimb post-axial oligosyndactyly in homozygous mutant animals (Smoc1tm1a/tm1a). Eye malformations, most commonly coloboma, and cleft palate occur in a significant proportion of Smoc1tm1a/tm1a embryos and pups. Thus partial loss of Smoc-1 results in a convincing phenocopy of the human disease. SMOC-1 is one of the two mammalian paralogs of Drosophila Pentagone, an inhibitor of decapentaplegic. The orthologous gene in Xenopus laevis, Smoc-1, also functions as a Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) antagonist in early embryogenesis. Loss of BMP antagonism during mammalian development provides a plausible explanation for both the limb and eye phenotype in humans and mice.
Die Rheumatoide Arthritis ist die häufigste entzündliche Gelenkerkrankung in den westlichen Industriestaaten und hat eine Prävalenz zwischen 0,5 und 1%. Frauen sind ungefähr 3mal häufiger betroffen als Männer. Eine genetische Disposition besteht für Träger des HLA-DR 4 Typs. Als Auslöser der RA werden bakterielle und virale Infekte diskutiert. Immer mehr Anhänger findet auch die Theorie, dass es sich bei der rheumatoiden Arthritis um eine Autoimmunerkrankung handeln könnte. Zur Klassifizierung der Krankheit hat das American College of Rheumatology einen Kriterienkatalog entwickelt. Charakteristisch für die rheumatoide Arthritis ist die chronische Gelenkentzündung und die Gelenkdestruktion. Bei 70% der RA Patienten finden sich heterophile Autoantikörper gegen den konstanten Teil humaner Immunglobuline vom IgG Isotyp. Sie werden als Rheumafaktoren bezeichnet und gehen mit einer häufigeren Beteiligung extraartikulärer Systeme einher, die in erster Linie auf einer begleitenden Vaskulitis beruhen. Der entzündliche Prozess der RA beginnt in der Gelenkkapsel. Es kommt zu einer Verbreiterung und Auftreibung der Synovialmembran durch Einwanderung und Organisation von CD4+ und CD8+ T-Lymphozyten. Durch ein unbekanntes Antigen stimulieren die TLymphozyten synoviale Makrophagen, die dann mit der Produktion proinflammatorischer Zytokine, insbesondere TNF-α und IL-1, weitere Zellsysteme aktivieren und zur Aufrechterhaltung des Entzündungsprozesses beitragen. Resultat dieser tumorähnlichen Proliferation ist der Gelenkpannus, von dem die weitere Destruktion von Knorpel, Knochen und umgehenden Weichteilen ausgeht. Ein weiteres wichtiges Zytokin in der T-Zell- und Makrophagenaktivierung ist Interleukin-18, ein proinflammatorischer Mediator der angeborenen und erworbenen Immunantwort. IL-18 wurde ursprünglich als IFN-γ induzierender Faktor beschrieben und wird von vielen mesenchymalen und epithelialen Zellen exprimiert. Im Zusammenhang mit der RA sind vor allem Makrophagen und dendritische Zellen von Bedeutung. Die Expression von IL-18 ist bei Patienten mit RA im Sinne einer Reduktion in der Peripherie und einer Erhöhung in den entzündeten Synovialgeweben pathologisch verändert und weist auf eine proinflammatorische Rolle von IL-18 bei der RA hin. Das humane IL-18 Gen ist auf dem Chromosom 11q22.2- q22.3 lokalisiert. In der Promotorregion von IL-18 konnten 5 Single Nucleotid Polymorphismen identifiziert werden. Bei SNPs handelt es sich um Basenvariationen der Nukleotidsequenz an bestimmten Genpositionen. Sie können zu unterschiedlichen Konsequenzen im Phänotyp führen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die SNPs an den Positionen -137 und -607 bei 102 Patienten mit einer nach ACR-Kriterien definierten RA und einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe von 98 Personen untersucht. Anlass für die Untersuchungen war der Gedanke, dass die Ursache für die veränderte Produktion von IL-18 bei der RA auf genregulatorischer Ebene liegen kann. Nach Isolierung mononukleärer Zellen aus dem peripherem Blut erfolgte die DNA-Gewinnung. Mittels allelspezifischer PCR und Enzymverdauung durch Restriktionsendonukleasen wurden die einzelnen Allele an den Positionen -137 und -607 identifiziert und auf Agarosegel sichtbar gemacht. Zur Kontrolle der Ergebnisse wurden zusätzlich Sequenzierungen durchgeführt. An Position -137 sind die beiden Allele C und G möglich, an Position -607 die Allele A und C. Weder an Positon -137 noch an Position -607 zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede bei der Verteilung der Allelhäufigkeiten zwischen RA Patienten und der gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Da beim Menschen jedes Gen zweimal vorhanden ist liegen auch bei jedem Menschen zwei Allele vor. Liegen zwei verschiedene Allele eines Gens vor wird dieses als heterozygot bezeichnet, während ein homozygoter Organismus zwei Kopien desselben Allels trägt. Bei Betrachtung dieser Diplotypen ergaben sich für die Position -137 erneut keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen RA Patienten und Gesunden. An Position -607 hingegen war der Diplotyp -607CC bei den RA Patienten signifikant häufiger vertreten. Die Relevanz dieser Ergebnisse wurde durch das Hardy- Weinberg-Gleichgewicht gestützt. Bei Betrachtung der Genotypen wurde eine signifikante Verknüpfung der Genotypen -607AA und -137CC und der Genotypen -607CC und -137GG miteinander festgestellt. Diese Signifikanz war unabhängig vom Gesundheitsstatus. Zusätzlich war der -607AC Diplotyp häufiger mit den Diplotypen -137CG und -137GG verknüpft, nicht aber mit dem Diplotypen -137CC. Ob das Risiko eine RA zu entwickeln von den einzelnen Positionen -137 und -607 des IL-18 Promotors, deren Kombination oder eventuellen anderen Lokalitäten in einem gewissen Ausmaß anhängig ist bleibt unklar. Fest steht, dass SNPs eine bedeutende Rolle als natürliche Inhibitoren und Aktivatoren auf molekularer Ebene spielen. Ob dies bei der RA zu einer erhöhten IL-18 Expression führen kann und somit signifikante Folgen für die Krankheitsausprägung hat konnte im Rahmen der Untersuchungen nicht geklärt werden und bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
Predmet interesa ovoga rada dvije su ustaljene sveze riječi koje su dio hrvatskoga pomorskog nazivlja, a u jeziku se često koriste s frazeološkim značenjem. U radu se analizira njihovo podrijetlo, moguća frazeološka značenja i konteksti u kojima se upotrebljavaju. Potencijalni frazemi uspoređuju se i s njihovim ruskim frazeološkim značenjskim ekvivalentima.
Ključne riječi: hrvatska frazeologija; ruska frazeologija; hrvatsko pomorsko nazivlje; potencijalni frazemi mali od palube i mali od kužine
U radu se opisuje fonologija, morfologija i leksik govora Jurkova Sela u Žumberku, doseljeničkoga čakavskoga ikavsko-ekavskoga govora. Iako nema zamjenicu ča u samostalnoj upotrebi, govor čuva većinu temeljnih čakavskih crta. Ipak, stabilnost je sustava u nekim elementima narušena – što pokazuje supostojanje određenih dubleta u prozodiji i morfologiji. Leksik, uz ostalo, karakterizira prisutnost većeg broja germanizama, na žumberačkome prostoru očekivanih.
Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung einer Methode zur Isolierung und Kultivierung proximaler und distaler Tubuluszellen der menschlichen Niere. Dabei wurde neben einer hohen Zellausbeute besonderer Wert auf die Reinheit der Nierenzellkulturen gelegt. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen wurden mehrere Isolationsschritte hintereinander durchgeführt. Um eine homogenen Zellsuspension aus dem Nierenexzisat zu erhalten wurde eine mechanische Zerkleinerung und anschließend eine enzymatische Andauung durchgeführt. Dabei war ein Enzymgemisch aus Collagenase IV und DNase I mit nachfolgender Andauung mit Hyaluronidase am erfolgreichsten. Um größere Zellverbände auszuschließen wurde das Zellgemisch anschließend durch ein Stahlsieb filtriert. Durch die Percoll Dichtegradientenzentrifugation konnten die Zellen in einem weiteren Schritt separiert werden. Dadurch konnten z.B Erythrozyten, Granulozyten und ein Teil der Lymphozyten verworfen werden. Durch die unterschiedliche Antigenstruktur der Oberflächenmembran proximaler und distaler Tubuluszellen konnten mit Hilfe von monoklonalen Primär und Sekundärantikörpern, welche magnetisch markiert waren, die proximalen und distalen Tubuluszellen separiert werden. Mit Hilfe dieses immunomagnetischen Verfahrens wurden erstmals proximale und distale Tubuluszellen der menschlichen Niere in hoher Reinheit und Vitalität isoliert. Damit zeigte sich dieses Verfahren, welches bisher fast ausschließlich zur Isolierung von Blutzellen eingesetzt wurde, auch bei der Isolierung von Tubuluszellen der menschlichen Niere als erfolgreich. Die zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Zellisolierung eingesetzte Immunfluoreszenzfärbung zeigte, im Vergleich zum Durchlicht, nach der Percoll Dichtegradientenzentrifugation eine Markierung von ca. 30% der Zellen. Nach der Separierung der Zellen durch die Microbeads waren fast alle Zellen (95%) markiert. Die sich anschließende Kultivierung proximaler und distaler Tubuluszellen zeigte ein einheitliches Wachstumsmuster. Beide Zellarten zeigten nach 3-4 Tagen die Bildung kleiner Kolonien, und nach 7-10 Tagen die Bildung eines homogenen Monolayers. Nach ca. 20 Tagen zeigten die Zellen eine stärker werdende Granulierung des Zytoplasmas. Nach ca. 30 Tagen stellten die Zellen das Wachstum ein und starben ab. Um die Kulturen der proximalen und distalen Tubuluszellen zu charakterisieren wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten Immunfluoreszenzfärbungen, und Enzymbestimmungen im Überstand und auf den Zellen direkt durchgeführt. Dabei konnten die charakteristischen Enzymmuster und Oberflächenantigene nur für eine Zeitspanne von ca. 7 Tagen in Kultur nachgewiesen werden.
Die genannte Publikation fokussiert auf eine mehrdimensionale Problematik, deren fachliche Betrachtung eine längere Tradition in der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft hat. Trotzdem gelingt es den Autoren, die Problematik aus neuen Perspektiven zu beleuchten und auf neue Ansätze hinzuweisen. Damit schaffen sie eine innovative und richtungsgebende Grundlage für die Kollokationsforschung.
U ovome radu analizira se dio korpusa hrvatskih i ruskih frazema s kulinarskim elementima kao komponentаma i onih koji u svom semantičkom talogu imaju sliku povezanu s jelom. Cilj rada je prikazati simbolički, metaforički i konotativni potencijal hrane kao frazeološke komponente putem analize načina izgradnje frazeološkog značenja, te istaknuti najočitije sličnosti i najzanimljivije razlike između ovakvog tipa frazeologije u hrvatskom i ruskom jeziku.
This text offers a closer look on the personal environment of Herbert Caro, especially in regard to the role of his wife Nina Caro.
Im Rahmen der Slowakischen Wissenschaftswoche fand an der Selye J. Universität in Komárno der zweite Jahrgang der internationalen Tagung Komorner Germanistentag am Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur statt. Die Serie dieser Tagung ist für den Lehrstuhl von zweifacher Bedeutung. Einerseits ist es ein Versuch, die Tradition einer internationalen Tagung, die vor etwa zehn Jahren in der Abteilung für moderne Philologie an der Selye J. Universität von Csaba Földes, dem Begründer dieser Abteilung, veranstaltet wurde, wieder ins Leben zu rufen. Andererseits wollte man mit der Konferenz die Gelegenheit ergreifen, das vor zwei Jahren selbstständig gewordene Institut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur vorzustellen. [...] Die Teilnehmer präsentierten ihre Projekte und Forschungsergebnisse in drei thematischen Gruppen, und zwar in Linguistik, Literaturwissenschaft und Sprachdidaktik.
Die vorliegende Studie setzt sich mit dem Adjektiv "neu" und seinem slowakischen Äquivalent "nový" systembezogen und pragmatisch auseinander. Wir befassen uns kontrastiv mit der Bedeutungsstruktur, mit der Kollokabilität und lexikographischen Auffassung dieser Adjektive. Um alle erwähnten Ebenen in ihrer Komplexität zu erfassen, darf man sie nicht voneinander getrennt untersuchen. Bei unserer Untersuchung gehen wir von der kodifizierten Bedeutung aus, die wir mit der realen Sprachverwendung vergleichen und ihre Anwendbarkeit an der aus den Korpora gewonnenen Daten überprüfen. Bei unserer kontrastiven Vorhegensweise ist der Ausgangspunkt die Auslegung der slowakischen Bedeutungsbeschreibung der lexikalischen Einheit "nový". Zunächst erweitert sich der Forschungsgegenstand um den Vergleich der jeweiligen Erläuterungen der deutschen lexikalischen Einheit "neu" in verschiedenen deutschen Wörterbüchern. Im Anschluss an die semantische Analyse der einzelnen Adjektive in den zwei von uns ausgewählten Sprachen überprüfen wir, ob und inwiefern bei der Bedeutungsbeschreibung der Übersetzungsäquivalente "nový" und "neu" eine analogische Auslegung verwendbar ist.
Halting the loss of grassland biodiversity and restoring degraded ecosystems are high priority tasks in the EU Biodiversity Strategy. Sowing low-diversity seed mixtures is widely used in grassland restoration because of its high predictability and fast, promising results. Generally, the sown perennial grasses establish within a few years and form a dense sward, which effectively suppresses weeds. Unfortunately, these grasslands are often species-poor because the sown grasses hamper the colonisation of target grassland forbs. Our aim was to test a novel approach to increase the diversity of species-poor grasslands. We selected eight 8-year-old grasslands restored by low-diversity seed sowing where we created 32 establishment gaps by breaking up the grass sward and sowing a high-diversity seed mixture (35 native species). Altogether, we established three grazed gaps (1m × 1m, 2m × 2m and 4m × 4m) and one fenced gap (4m × 4m) per site and monitored the presence and abundance of sown and non-sown species within a time frame of two years. We asked the following questions: (1) Which target species establish most successfully? (2) What is the effect of establishment gap size on the establishment success of target species and weeds? (3) What is the effect of management (grazed versus not managed) on the species composition of the establishment gaps? Our results showed that by creating establishment gaps and sowing diverse seed mixtures, we were able to overcome microsite and propagule limitation, successfully introducing target species into the species-poor grasslands. We found that all sown species established in the gaps, and the majority of the species maintained or even increased their first-year cover in the second year. Smaller gaps were characterised by lower cover of sown species and a quite stochastic development compared to the larger ones. Weed cover was moderate in the first year and decreased significantly in the second year, regardless of gap size. Therefore, in restoration practice, the use of larger establishment gaps is recommended. We found that the cover of sown species and weeds were similar in the grazed and unmanaged gaps during our study. However, management by extensive grazing might be crucial in the long-term because livestock can disperse target species propagules and create microsites. Our study shows that establishment gaps can serve as biodiversity hotspots. Further studies need to clarify to what extent they can improve the restoration success across the entire grassland.
La lista preliminar de ácaros colectadas sobre musgos en México incluye 48 familias: 11 Mesostigmata, 17 Prostigmata (=Actinedida), 1 Astigmata y 19 Cryptostigmata (=Oribatei). Se presenta un análisis general de la relación entre las briofitas y su fauna asociada. El estudio detallado de estos grupos de animales seguramente dará a conocer un número mayor de especies asociadas con las briofitas.
Little is known about groundwater-dependent ecosystems in south-eastern Australia and few studies have examined the impact of landclearing upslope of such ecosystems. The eastern edge of Porters Creek wetland, near Warnervale on the Central Coast of New South Wales, supports a Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. Parramattensis (Parramatta Red Gum) population. The population has been listed as an Endangered Population (EP) and was showing signs of dieback during the 2002 to mid-2007 drought. Water table depth, soil moisture tension, soil temperature and groundwater salinity beneath this woodland were measured to investigate whether the woodland is associated with a shallow aquifer and/or high soil moisture conditions, and whether an upslope construction development would impact on the ecosystem. The composition, structure and health of the Eucalyptus parramattensis Woodland was also examined. Monitoring over 5 years demonstrated that Eucalyptus parramattensis is associated with a shallow, slightly saline to saline (8–12 ppt) water table, 1.4–3.1 m beneath the surface of a drainage depression wetland. During the drought water table drawdown rates were quite rapid, and rainfall events took up to a month to replenish water table levels. Landclearing for an upslope development significantly decreased the average water table level by 0.3–0.5 m during the construction phase, while peaks that occurred at the base of the slope after large rainfall events reversed the normal direction of the water table gradient. The water table re-stabilised to pre-construction levels after construction was completed and the area was landscaped and revegetated with grass. The short-term alteration of groundwater conditions did not appear to impact on tree health; the poor tree health observed prior to construction was most likely due to the lowering of the water table (and/or an increase in groundwater/soil salinity) during the drought years. Our results suggest that developments that revegetate slopes above wetlands as quickly as possible after clearing, orundertake clearing in stages, will minimise effects on water table levels. Pervious detention basins designed to capture runoff and allow infiltration into the soil help replenish aquifers, but also require weed maintenance. This study highlights the significance of maintaining shallow aquifer and catchment processes for the conservation and rehabilitation of coastal wetlands, many of which are listed as Endangered Populations or Endangered Ecological Communities.
The Intensifying Function of Modal Particles and Modal Elements in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
(2015)
The aim of this paper is to analyze the intensifying function of German modal particles and equivalent modal expressions in Croatian and English. Our hypothesis is that some modal particles in German and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English can express different degrees of intensity and types of intensification. The presented study comprises two parts. First, the use of intensifying modal particles by a group of speakers of L1 Croatian and L2 German/English is investigated. On the basis of the results obtained, and by means of a previously conducted corpus analysis (cf. Kresić and Batinić 2014), an intensification scale with respect to the inventory of German modal particles and corresponding particles in Croatian as well as equivalent English expressions is suggested. Some German and Croatian modal particles and equivalent modal elements in English can be classified on the upper and partially on the lower part of the proposed intensification scale when compared to the norm, i.e. an utterance unmarked by a modal particle.
Nakon uvodnih napomena o gornjomeđimurskome naselju Dragoslavec Breg (s osobitim osvrtom na povijest njegova imena, neslužbeni etnik i kretanje broja stanovnika), u radu se na osnovi terenskim i arhivskim istraživanjem prikupljene građe analizira antroponimijski sustav toga naselja. Pokazuju se značajke osobnih imena (njihova službena i neslužbena uporaba te učestalost), prezimena njegovih stanovnika (učestalost, podrijetlo, značenje i tvorbena struktura) kao i njihovi obiteljski nadimci (motivacija i tvorbene značajke).
The successful management and restoration of riparian corridors in Australia is currently hindered by our poor understanding of the links between hydrology, fluvial geomorphology and plant population dynamics. The aim of the current study was to determine the survival rates of Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana Miq. (family Casuarinaceae) on a sand-bed stream in the Wollombi Valley, a tributary of the Hunter River system, in coastal New South Wales (lat 33°02’S; long 151°10’E). A population planted on the banks of Dairy Arm in 1987, as part of river training works, was used to determine the long-term (24-year) survival rate. A bankfull flood in June 2011 provided an opportunity to examine the survival response of seedlings regenerating naturally within the channel. We found that 24% of the seedlings planted on the banks in 1987 had survived to adulthood. The bankfull flood significantly decreased (d.f. = 14; W= - 30; p = 0.0024) median seedling density within the channel from 12 to 2 individuals per 100 m2. Seedling survival varied with height, with seedlings > 15 cm more likely to survive the bankfull flood. The percentage of seedlings partially buried by sediment was significantly higher (d.f. = 14; W = 13; p = 0.016) after flood compared to before flood. Seedling density was positively correlated with the amount of bare ground prior to the flood (r = 0.61; p = 0.02), but this relationship was no longer significant after flood (r = 0.18; p = 0.53). 37% of the seedlings surveyed showed evidence of grazing. Our results confirm that hydrogeomorphic processes associated with a bankfull flood affect the survival of Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings. The management implications of our findings are discussed in terms of riparian revegetation techniques and the geomorphic recovery of over-widened sand-bed streams.
Diploid transgenic organisms are either hemi- or homozygous. Genetic assays are, therefore, required to identify the genotype. Our AGameOfClones vector concept uses two clearly distinguishable transformation markers embedded in interweaved, but incompatible Lox site pairs. Cre-mediated recombination leads to hemizygous individuals that carry only one marker. In the following generation, heterozygous descendants are identified by the presence of both markers and produce homozygous progeny that are selected by the lack of one marker. We prove our concept in Tribolium castaneum by systematically creating multiple functional homozygous transgenic lines suitable for long-term fluorescence live imaging. Our approach saves resources and simplifies transgenic organism handling. Since the concept relies on the universal Cre-Lox system, it is expected to work in all diploid model organisms, for example, insects, zebrafish, rodents and plants. With appropriate adaptions, it can be used in knock-out assays to preselect homozygous individuals and thus minimize the number of wasted animals.
Supersaturating formulations are widely used to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. However, supersaturated solutions are thermodynamically unstable and such formulations often must include a precipitation inhibitor (PI) to sustain the increased concentrations to ensure that sufficient absorption will take place from the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in understanding the importance of drug-polymer interaction for successful precipitation inhibition have been encouraging. However, there still exists a gap in how this newfound understanding can be applied to improve the efficiency of PI screening and selection, which is still largely carried out with trial and error-based approaches. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how drug-polymer mixing enthalpy, calculated with the Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), can be used as a parameter to select the most efficient precipitation inhibitors, and thus realise the most successful supersaturating formulations. This approach was tested for three different Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II compounds: dipyridamole, fenofibrate and glibenclamide, formulated with the supersaturating formulation, mesoporous silica. For all three compounds, precipitation was evident in mesoporous silica formulations without a precipitation inhibitor. Of the nine precipitation inhibitors studied, there was a strong positive correlation between the drug-polymer mixing enthalpy and the overall formulation performance, as measured by the area under the concentration-time curve in in vitro dissolution experiments. The data suggest that a rank-order based approach using calculated drug-polymer mixing enthalpy can be reliably used to select precipitation inhibitors for a more focused screening. Such an approach improves efficiency of precipitation inhibitor selection, whilst also improving the likelihood that the most optimal formulation will be realised.
Objectives Supersaturating formulations hold great promise for delivery of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To profit from supersaturating formulations, precipitation is hindered with precipitation inhibitors (PIs), maintaining drug concentrations for as long as possible. This review provides a brief overview of supersaturation and precipitation, focusing on precipitation inhibition. Trial-and-error PI selection will be examined alongside established PI screening techniques. Primarily, however, this review will focus on recent advances that utilise advanced analytical techniques to increase mechanistic understanding of PI action and systematic PI selection.
Key Findings. Advances in mechanistic understanding have been made possible by the use of analytical tools such as spectroscopy, microscopy and mathematical and molecular modelling, which have been reviewed herein. Using these techniques, PI selection can instead be guided by molecular rationale. However, more work is required to see wide-spread application of such an approach for PI selection.
Conclusions PIs are becoming increasingly important in enabling formulations. Trial-and-error approaches have seen success thus far. However, it is essential to learn more about the mode of action of PIs if the most optimal formulations are to be realised. Robust analytical tools, and the knowledge of where and how they can be applied, will be essential in this endeavour.
In New South Wales, the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 makes provision for the listing of Threatened Ecological Communities (assemblages of species occupying a particular area) as a means to conserving the variety of ecosystems present in the State. Hunter Valley Weeping Myall Woodland is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act 1995 and as a Critically Endangered Ecological Community under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999.
The provenance of populations of Weeping Myall (Acacia pendula, family Fabaceae) in the Hunter Valley has recently been questioned. In this paper we consider the implications of its hypothesized European introduction for listing Hunter Valley Weeping Myall Woodland under the TSC and EPBS Acts. The recognition of any community is contingent on the identification of both a particular assemblage of species and the critical environmental factors that determine their co-occurrence (the area the community occupies in environmental space). Acacia pendula is one of a range of semiarid species which are primarily distributed west of the Great Dividing Range but also occur on Permian sediments in areas receiving the lowest rainfall of the Hunter Valley floor. On this basis we argue there is sufficient evidence to support the listing of Hunter Valley Weeping Myall Woodland under both Acts.
Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are causally linked with metabolic comorbidities such as insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia. However, the clinical impact of HCV eradication achieved by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on glucose and lipid homeostasis is still controversial. The study aimed to prospectively investigate whether antiviral therapy of HCV with DAAs alters glucose and lipid parameters. Methods: 50 patients with chronic HCV who were treated with DAAs were screened, and 49 were enrolled in the study. Biochemical and virological data, as well as noninvasive liver fibrosis parameters, were prospectively collected at baseline, at the end of treatment (EOT) and 12 and 24 weeks post-treatment. Results: 45 of 46 patients achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). The prevalence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after HCV clearance was significantly lower, compared to baseline (5.3 ± 6.1 to 2.5 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), which is primarily attributable to a significant decrease of fasting insulin levels (18.9 ± 17.3 to 11.7 ± 8.7; p = 0.002). In contrast to that, HCV eradication resulted in a significant increase in cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels) and Controlled Attenuated Score (CAP), although BMI did not significantly change over time (p = 0.95). Moreover, HOMA-IR correlated significantly with noninvasive liver fibrosis measurements at baseline und during follow-up (TE: r = 0.45; p = 0.003, pSWE: r = 0.35; p = 0.02, APRI: r = 0.44; p = 0.003, FIB-4: r = 0.41; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Viral eradication following DAA therapy may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis, whereas lipid profile seems to be worsened.
Wolves (Canis lupus) are currently showing a remarkable comeback in the highly frag-mented cultural landscapes of Germany. We here show that wolf numbers increasedexponentially between 2000 and 2015 with an annual increase of about 36%. Wedemonstrate that the first territories in each newly colonized region were establishedover long distances from the nearest known reproducing pack on active militarytraining areas (MTAs). We show that MTAs, rather than protected areas, served asstepping-stones for the recolonization of Germany facilitating subsequent spreadingof wolf territories in the surrounding landscape. We did not find any significant differ-ence between MTAs and protected areas with regard to habitat. One possible reasonfor the importance of MTAs may be their lower anthropogenic mortality rates com-pared to protected and other areas. To our knowledge, this is the first documented casewhere MTAs facilitate the recolonization of an endangered species across large areas.
The haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii was shown to contain 145 intergenic and 45 antisense sRNAs. In a comprehensive approach to unravel various biological roles of haloarchaeal sRNAs in vivo, 27 sRNA genes were selected and deletion mutants were generated. The phenotypes of these mutants were compared to that of the parent strain under ten different conditions, i.e. growth on four different carbon sources, growth at three different salt concentrations, and application of four different stress conditions. In addition, cell morphologies in exponential and stationary phase were observed. Furthermore, swarming of 17 mutants was analyzed. 24 of the 27 mutants exhibited a difference from the parent strain under at least one condition, revealing that haloarchaeal sRNAs are involved in metabolic regulation, growth under extreme conditions, regulation of morphology and behavior, and stress adaptation. Notably, 7 deletion mutants showed a gain of function phenotype, which has not yet been described for any other prokaryotic sRNA gene deletion mutant. Comparison of the transcriptomes of one sRNA gene deletion mutant and the parent strain led to the identification of differentially expressed genes. Genes for flagellins and chemotaxis were up-regulated in the mutant, in accordance with its gain of function swarming phenotype. While the deletion mutant analysis underscored that haloarchaeal sRNAs are involved in many biological functions, the degree of conservation is extremely low. Only 3 of the 27 genes are conserved in more than 10 haloarchaeal species. 22 of the 27 genes are confined to H. volcanii, indicating a fast evolution of haloarchaeal sRNA genes.
Shikonin reduces growth of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells mainly through necroptosis
(2021)
Simple Summary: Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is the most common tumor in men with an increasing age-associated risk. Several therapy strategies, one of which is docetaxel (DX) chemotherapy, have been established. However, due to the development of therapy resistance, in which chemotherapy no longer effectively combats the cancer, advanced, metastasized PCa with a poor prognosis may become manifested and therapy inevitably fails. Thus, new treatment options are urgently needed. Shikonin (SHI), from Traditional Chinese Medicine, has revealed promising antitumor activity in several tumor entities. In the current study, the impact of SHI on four therapy-sensitive and four respective DX-resistant PCa cell lines was determined. SHI induced growth inhibition mainly by necroptosis, a type of cell death, in all the tested therapy-sensitive, but more importantly, DX-resistant PCa cell lines. Corresponding molecular alterations contributing to growth inhibition after SHI exposure were found. SHI could, therefore, be a promising additive in treating advanced PCa.
Abstract: The prognosis for advanced prostate carcinoma (PCa) remains poor due to development of therapy resistance, and new treatment options are needed. Shikonin (SHI) from Traditional Chinese Medicine has induced antitumor effects in diverse tumor entities, but data related to PCa are scarce. Therefore, the parental (=sensitive) and docetaxel (DX)-resistant PCa cell lines, PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 were exposed to SHI [0.1–1.5 μM], and tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling, cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and metabolic activity were evaluated. Correspondingly, the expression of regulating proteins was assessed. Exposure to SHI time- and dose-dependently inhibited tumor cell growth and proliferation in parental and DX-resistant PCa cells, accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M or S phase and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. SHI induced apoptosis and more dominantly necroptosis in both parental and DX-resistant PCa cells. This was shown by enhanced pRIP1 and pRIP3 expression and returned growth if applying the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. No SHI-induced alteration in metabolic activity of the PCa cells was detected. The significant antitumor effects induced by SHI to parental and DX-resistant PCa cells make the addition of SHI to standard therapy a promising treatment strategy for patients with advanced PCa.
Members of the Sm protein family are important for the cellular RNA metabolism in all three domains of life. The family includes archaeal and eukaryotic Lsm proteins, eukaryotic Sm proteins and archaeal and bacterial Hfq proteins. While several studies concerning the bacterial and eukaryotic family members have been published, little is known about the archaeal Lsm proteins. Although structures for several archaeal Lsm proteins have been solved already more than ten years ago, we still do not know much about their biological function, however one can confidently propose that the archaeal Lsm proteins will also be involved in RNA metabolism. Therefore, we investigated this protein in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The Haloferax genome encodes a single Lsm protein, the lsm gene overlaps and is co-transcribed with the gene for the ribosomal L37.eR protein. Here, we show that the reading frame of the lsm gene contains a promoter which regulates expression of the overlapping rpl37R gene. This rpl37R specific promoter ensures high expression of the rpl37R gene in exponential growth phase. To investigate the biological function of the Lsm protein we generated a lsm deletion mutant that had the coding sequence for the Sm1 motif removed but still contained the internal promoter for the downstream rpl37R gene. The transcriptome of this deletion mutant was compared to the wild type transcriptome, revealing that several genes are down-regulated and many genes are up-regulated in the deletion strain. Northern blot analyses confirmed down-regulation of two genes. In addition, the deletion strain showed a gain of function in swarming, in congruence with the up-regulation of transcripts encoding proteins required for motility.
The recent recolonisation of the Central European lowland (CEL) by the grey wolf (Canis lupus) provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of founder events on endoparasite diversity. Which role do prey and predator populations play in the re-establishment of endoparasite life cycles? Which intrinsic and extrinsic factors control individual endoparasite diversity in an expanding host population? In 53 individually known CEL wolves sampled in Germany, we revealed a community of four cestode, eight nematode, one trematode and 12 potential Sarcocystis species through molecular genetic techniques. Infections with zoonotic Echinococcus multilocularis, Trichinella britovi and T. spiralis occurred as single cases. Per capita endoparasite species richness and diversity significantly increased with population size and changed with age, whereas sex, microsatellite heterozygosity, and geographic origin had no effect. Tapeworm abundance (Taenia spp.) was significantly higher in immigrants than natives. Metacestode prevalence was slightly higher in ungulates from wolf territories than from control areas elsewhere. Even though alternative canid definitive hosts might also play a role within the investigated parasite life cycles, our findings indicate that (1) immigrated wolves increase parasite diversity in German packs, and (2) prevalence of wolf-associated parasites had declined during wolf absence and has now risen during recolonisation.
Although direct-acting antiviral medications effectively cure hepatitis C in most patients, sometimes treatment selects for resistant viruses, causing antiviral drugs to be either ineffective or only partially effective. Multidrug resistance is common in patients for whom DAA treatment fails. Older patients and patients with advanced liver diseases are more likely to select drug-resistant viruses. Collective efforts from international communities and governments are needed to develop an optimal approach to managing drug resistance and preventing the transmission of resistant viruses.
The assembly of a specific polymeric ubiquitin chain on a target protein is a key event in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Yet, the mechanisms that govern the selective synthesis of particular polyubiquitin signals remain enigmatic. The homologous ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes Ubc1 (budding yeast) and Ube2K (mammals) exclusively generate polyubiquitin linked through lysine 48 (K48). Uniquely among E2 enzymes, Ubc1 and Ube2K harbor a ubiquitin-binding UBA domain with unknown function. We found that this UBA domain preferentially interacts with ubiquitin chains linked through lysine 63 (K63). Based on structural modeling, in vitro ubiquitination experiments, and NMR studies, we propose that the UBA domain aligns Ubc1 with K63-linked polyubiquitin and facilitates the selective assembly of K48/K63-branched ubiquitin conjugates. Genetic and proteomics experiments link the activity of the UBA domain, and hence the formation of this unusual ubiquitin chain topology, to the maintenance of cellular proteostasis.
Severe acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in endogenous tissue repair and possess strong immune-modulatory properties making them a promising tool for the treatment of steroid-refractory GvHD. To date, a few reports exist on the use of MSCs in treatment of GvHD in children indicating that children tend to respond better than adults, albeit with heterogeneous results. We here present a review of the literature and the clinical course of two instructive pediatric patients with acute steroid-refractory GvHD after haploidentical stem cell transplantation, which exemplify the beneficial effects of third-party transplanted MSCs in treatment of acute steroid-refractory GvHD. Moreover, we provide a meta-analysis of clinical studies addressing the outcome of patients with steroid-refractory GvHD and treatment with MSCs in adults and in children (n = 183; 122 adults, 61 children). Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the overall response-rate is high (73.8%) and confirms, for the first time, that children indeed respond better to treatment of GvHD with MSCs than adults (complete response 57.4% vs. 45.1%, respectively). These data emphasize the significance of this therapeutic approach especially in children and indicate that future prospective studies are needed to assess the reasons for the observed differential response-rates in pediatric and adult patients. Additional file 1: MSCs expansion and release criteria.his file contains a detailed description of the MSCs expansion and release criteria for Case A and Case B.
Specific protocols define eligibility, conditioning, donor selection, graft composition and prophylaxis of graft vs. host disease for children and young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, international protocols rarely, if ever, detail supportive care, including pharmaceutical infection prophylaxis, physical protection with face masks and cohort isolation or food restrictions. Supportive care suffers from a lack of scientific evidence and implementation of practices in the transplant centers brings extensive restrictions to the child's and family's daily life after HSCT. Therefore, the Board of the Pediatric Diseases Working Party (PDWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) held a series of dedicated workshops since 2017 with the aim of initiating the production of a set of minimal recommendations. The present paper describes the consensus reached within the field of infection prophylaxis.
Proteins encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs) have a widespread occurrence in diverse microorganisms and can be of high functional importance. However, due to annotation biases and their technically challenging direct detection, these small proteins have been overlooked for a long time and were only recently rediscovered. The currently rapidly growing number of such proteins requires efficient methods to investigate their structure–function relationship. Herein, a method is presented for fast determination of the conformational properties of small proteins. Their small size makes them perfectly amenable for solution-state NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy can provide detailed information about their conformational states (folded, partially folded, and unstructured). In the context of the priority program on small proteins funded by the German research foundation (SPP2002), 27 small proteins from 9 different bacterial and archaeal organisms have been investigated. It is found that most of these small proteins are unstructured or partially folded. Bioinformatics tools predict that some of these unstructured proteins can potentially fold upon complex formation. A protocol for fast NMR spectroscopy structure elucidation is described for the small proteins that adopt a persistently folded structure by implementation of new NMR technologies, including automated resonance assignment and nonuniform sampling in combination with targeted acquisition.
Despite recent advances in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), resistance development after taxane treatments is inevitable, necessitating effective options to combat drug resistance. Previous studies indicated antitumoral properties of the natural compound amygdalin. However, whether amygdalin acts on drug-resistant tumor cells remains questionable. An in vitro study was performed to investigate the influence of amygdalin (10 mg/mL) on the growth of a panel of therapy-naïve and docetaxel- or cabazitaxel-resistant PCa cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells). Tumor growth, proliferation, clonal growth, and cell cycle progression were investigated. The cell cycle regulating proteins (phospho)cdk1, (phospho)cdk2, cyclin A, cyclin B, p21, and p27 and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins (phospho)Akt, (phospho)Raptor, and (phospho)Rictor as well as integrin β1 and the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, ezrin, talin, and cytokeratin 8/18 were assessed. Furthermore, chemotactic activity and adhesion to extracellular matrix components were analyzed. Amygdalin dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor clones in all (parental and resistant) PCa cell lines, accompanied by a G0/G1 phase accumulation. Cell cycle regulating proteins were significantly altered by amygdalin. A moderate influence of amygdalin on tumor cell adhesion and chemotaxis was observed as well, paralleled by modifications of cytoskeletal proteins and the integrin β1 expression level. Amygdalin may, therefore, block tumor growth and disseminative characteristics of taxane-resistant PCa cells. Further studies are warranted to determine amygdalin’s value as an antitumor drug.
Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.
Background: Differential RNA-Seq (dRNA-Seq) is a recently developed method of performing primary transcriptome analyses that allows for the genome-wide mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) and the identification of novel transcripts. Although the transcriptomes of diverse bacterial species have been characterized by dRNA-Seq, the transcriptome analysis of archaeal species is still rather limited. Therefore, we used dRNA-Seq to characterize the primary transcriptome of the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii.
Results: Three independent cultures of Hfx. volcanii grown under optimal conditions to the mid-exponential growth phase were used to determine the primary transcriptome and map the 5′-ends of the transcripts. In total, 4749 potential TSSs were detected. A position weight matrix (PWM) was derived for the promoter predictions, and the results showed that 64 % of the TSSs were preceded by stringent or relaxed basal promoters. Of the identified TSSs, 1851 belonged to protein-coding genes. Thus, fewer than half (46 %) of the 4040 protein-coding genes were expressed under optimal growth conditions. Seventy-two percent of all protein-coding transcripts were leaderless, which emphasized that this pathway is the major pathway for translation initiation in haloarchaea. A total of 2898 of the TSSs belonged to potential non-coding RNAs, which accounted for an unexpectedly high fraction (61 %) of all transcripts. Most of the non-coding TSSs had not been previously described (2792) and represented novel sequences (59 % of all TSSs). A large fraction of the potential novel non-coding transcripts were cis-antisense RNAs (1244 aTSSs). A strong negative correlation between the levels of antisense transcripts and cognate sense mRNAs was found, which suggested that the negative regulation of gene expression via antisense RNAs may play an important role in haloarchaea. The other types of novel non-coding transcripts corresponded to internal transcripts overlapping with mRNAs (1153 iTSSs) and intergenic small RNA (sRNA) candidates (395 TSSs).
Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive map of the primary transcriptome of Hfx. volcanii grown under optimal conditions. Fewer than half of all protein-coding genes have been transcribed under these conditions. Unexpectedly, more than half of the detected TSSs belonged to several classes of non-coding RNAs. Thus, RNA-based regulation appears to play a more important role in haloarchaea than previously anticipated.
Polazeći od teorije paralelne arhitekture koja sve jezične razine smatra generativnima, u radu se iznose rezultati istraživanja suodnosa između reda riječi, tj. reda rečeničnih sastavnica na sintaktičkoj i na fonološkoj razini, i informacijske strukture kao sastavnice rečenične gramatike. Analiza u kojoj je informacijska struktura ravnopravna razina, a ne izvanjska, pragmatički uvjetovana sastavnica, omogućuje semantički informirano tumačenje varijacija u redu riječi u hrvatskom jeziku. Istraživanje rezultati kojega se iznose metodološki predstavlja premošćivanje jaza između formalnih i funkcionalnih pristupa. Kao primjer se uzima hrvatski, koji se tradicionalno smatra jezikom u kojem je red sintaktičkih komponenata (relativno) slobodan, dok se za položaj klitika u njemu smatra da je (relativno) ograničen. Na brojnim primjerima u radu pokazuje se kako klitike i grozdovi klitika svojim smještajem unutar linearnog rečeničnog ustrojstva ne predstavljaju nepravilnost sustava, nego oblik dinamiziranja rečeničnoga sadržaja koji izvorni govornici prihvaćaju kao otvorenu mogućnost. U dosadašnjim su se istraživanjima takvoj analizi postavljale dvije ključne prepreke. Prva se tiče bavljenja isključivo tzv. „neutralnim”, kontekstualno neuvjetovanim tipovima rečenica, dakle onima koje uglavnom odgovaraju na pitanje O čemu se radi? Druga se tiče nedostatka empirijskih istraživanja, kako korpusnih, tako i psiholingvističkih, kojima se otvara potpuno nov uvid u jezičnu strukturu i istančane mogućnosti njezine izražajnosti na informacijskoj razini. U radu se bavim obama uočenim problemima.
HIV ist heutzutage eine gut behandelbare, chronische Erkrankung. Insbesondere bei chronischen Erkrankungen ist es entscheidend, auch die psychischen und physischen Auswirkungen auf die Lebenssituation zu untersuchen und dabei auch geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte in der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität von PLWH mit einzuschließen.
Ziel dieser monozentrischen Beobachtungsstudie ist es, die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität von Patientinnen und Patienten des HIVCENTERs Frankfurt darzustellen und diesbezügliche Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren. Im Zuge dessen wurden zusätzlich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede ausgewertet. Der Mental Component Score stellte die primäre Zielgröße der Studie dar, der Physical Component Score die sekundäre.
Zur Erhebung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität wurde der SF-12v2 Fragebogen verwendet, der insgesamt zwölf Fragen beinhaltet. Inhaltlich gliedert sich der Bogen in acht Skalen und zwölf Items, die den Mental- und Physical Component Score bilden. Zur näheren Erfassung der aktuellen Lebenssituation der Patientinnen und Patientinnen des HIVCENTERs Frankfurt, wurde ein eigens für die Studie entwickelter Fragebogen verwendet. Dieser erfasste mit 19 Fragen unter anderem soziodemographische Daten, sowie Parameter zu Religiosität oder Sexualität. Retrospektive Daten aus der Epidem-Datenbank des HIVCENTERs und aus den Patientinnen- und Patientenakten wurden ebenfalls in die Auswertung einbezogen.
Die statistische Auswertung beinhaltete neben deskriptiven Methoden, einfache Varianzanalysen für geschlechtsunabhängige Zusammenhänge und Varianzanalysen mit Interaktion für das Geschlecht zur Ermittlung von geschlechtsspezifischen Einflussgrößen. Des Weiteren wurden Spearmankorrelationen berechnet und zur Identifikation von potenziellen Prädiktoren Regressionen mit Rückwärtsausschluss durchgeführt. Für beide Zielgrößen wurde identisch verfahren. Alle statistischen Tests waren zweiseitig und nutzen ein Signifikanzniveau von alpha=5%.
Im Zeitraum von September 2016 bis Mai 2017 wurden insgesamt 275 Patientinnen und Patienten in die Studie eingeschlossen, darunter 123 Frauen, 150 Männer und 2 transgender Personen. Letztere wurden aufgrund der geringen Fallzahl nicht über die deskriptive Statistik hinaus in den Berechnungen berücksichtigt. Das durchschnittliche Alter in der Studienpopulation betrug 46 Jahre. Frauen hatten ein Durchschnittsalter von 44, Männer von 48 Jahren. 97% der Patientinnen und Patienten waren zum Erhebungszeitpunkt unter antiretroviraler Therapie. Im Durchschnitt erzielten die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer im Vergleich mit der Referenzpopulation einen unterdurchschnittlichen Mental Component Score von 46. Die Frauen der Studie erzielten einen signifikant schlechteren MCS als die Männer (45 vs. 48; p=0,02). Im Kontext mit den übrigen Prädiktoren des Regressionsmodells erreichten Frauen einen um durchschnittlich 13 Punkte schlechteren MCS als Männer (B=-13; p=<0,001). Als geschlechtsunabhängige negative Prädiktoren auf den MCS stellten sich unter anderem regelmäßiger Alkohol- und Drogenkonsum heraus, sowie das Unterlassen von regelmäßigem Sport oder eine negative Zukunftsaussicht. Als geschlechtsabhängiger negativer Prädiktor erwies sich bei den Frauen eine afrikanische versus westeuropäische Herkunft (B=-5; p=0,028). Arbeitslosigkeit stellte sich bei Männern als geschlechtsabhängiger negativer Prädiktor heraus (B=-5; p=0,033).
Vorliegende Dissertation macht deutlich, dass PLWH auch heute noch eine unterdurchschnittliche gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität aufweisen und darüber hinaus deutliche geschlechtsabhängige Unterschiede existieren. HIV-positive Frauen erreichten in dieser Studie signifikant schlechtere Werte für den Mental Component Score als Männer und waren hinsichtlich negativer Einflussgrößen überrepräsentiert. Anhand der hier verwendeten Fragebögen wird es behandelnden Ärztinnen und Ärzten innerhalb der Routinesprechstunde ermöglicht, ein regelmäßiges Monitoring der HRQoL durchzuführen und auch ihren Verlauf zu beurteilen. Zudem wäre ein Screening nach den in dieser Arbeit ermittelten negativen Prädiktoren der HRQoL möglich, wodurch entsprechenden Patientinnen und Patienten ein zielgruppenspezifisches Angebot erhalten könnten.
Verschiedene sprachwissenschaftliche Denkansätze und Ausgangspunkte bringen von denselben Forschungsansätzen ausgehend unterschiedliche Methoden und theoretische Auffassungen hervor. Als Produkte verschiedener Forschungsverfahren ergeben sich in demselben Teilbereich manchmal auch kontroverse Definitionen. Die Problematik der Kollokationen ist auch eine umstrittene Frage der Linguistik. Die Umstrittenheit betrifft sowohl die Fragen der Deskription des Charakters dieser sprachlichen Erscheinungen als auch deren Abgrenzung, sprachwissenschaftliche Einreihung und Klassifikation.
In dieser Studie befassen wir uns mit der Darstellung der Heterogenität von Kollokationsauffassungen sowohl in der einheimischen als auch in der internationalen Linguistik...
Background: Natural history museums receive a rapidly growing number of requests for tissue samples from preserved specimens for DNA-based studies. Traditionally, dried vertebrate specimens were treated with arsenic because of its toxicity and insect-repellent effect. Arsenic has negative effects on in vivo DNA repair enzymes and consequently may inhibit PCR performance. In bird collections, foot pad samples are often requested since the feet were not regularly treated with arsenic and because they are assumed to provide substantial amounts of DNA. However, the actual influence of arsenic on DNA analyses has never been tested. Findings: PCR success of both foot pad and body skin samples was significantly lower in arsenic-treated samples. In general, foot pads performed better than body skin samples. Moreover, PCR success depends on collection date in which younger samples yielded better results. While the addition of arsenic solution to the PCR mixture had a clear negative effect on PCR performance after the threshold of 5.4 μg/μl, such high doses of arsenic are highly unlikely to occur in dried zoological specimens. Conclusions: While lower PCR success in older samples might be due to age effects and/or DNA damage through arsenic treatment, our results show no inhibiting effect on DNA polymerase. We assume that DNA degradation proceeds more rapidly in thin tissue layers with low cell numbers that are susceptible to external abiotic influences. In contrast, in thicker parts of a specimen, such as foot pads, the outermost horny skin may act as an additional barrier. Since foot pads often performed better than body skin samples, the intention to preserve morphologically important structures of a specimen still conflicts with the aim to obtain optimal PCR success. Thus, body skin samples from recently collected specimens should be considered as alternative sources of DNA.
In zahlreichen, in der Einleitung bereits näher beschriebenen Studien konnte anxiolytische Wirksamkeit des patentierten ätherischen Öls Silexan sowohl im Tiermodell, als auch am Menschen zur Therapie subsyndromaler und generalisierter Angsterkrankungen demonstriert werden.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, den zugrunde liegenden pharmakologischen Wirkmechanismus zu untersuchen. Nach eingehender Analyse der Targets klassischer Anxiolytika, richtete sich der Fokus auf spannungsabhängige Calciumkanäle, die die Bindungsstelle des Gabapentinoids Pregabalin enthalten. Die mögliche Modulation der Kanäle wurde an PC-Zellen, einem Modell neuronaler Vorläuferzellen, murinen Synaptosomen, aber auch in primären Neuronen der für die Genese der Angsterkrankungen relevanten Hirnareale Hippocampus und Cortex untersucht. Die Kanalexpression, sowie - distribution in den unterschiedlichen Geweben wurde charakterisiert und die Frage erörtert, ob Silexan spezifische Modulation eines bestimmten Kanalsubtyps vermittelt oder unspezifisch alle Kanäle dieser Gattung inhibiert. Um dies näher zu beleuchten wurden elektrophysiologische Messungen an transfizierten Zellen durchgeführt, die jeweils nur einen Subtyp der Familie spannungsabhängiger Calciumkanäle exprimieren. Zur weiteren Aufklärung des Wirkmechanismus wurde auch die mögliche Involvierung G-Protein gekoppelter Rezeptoren ermittelt.
Der zweite Teil der vorliegenden Untersuchung widmet sich der Klärung potentieller antidepressiver Wirkungen durch mögliche neurotrophe Effekte. Primäre hippocampale Neurone und PC12-Zellen wurden hierzu u.a. auf prä- und postsynaptische Marker, Ausdifferenzierungsmarker, sowie Neuritenwachstum hin analysiert.
Recent clinical data support the clinical use of oral lavender oil in patients suffering from subsyndromal anxiety. We identified the molecular mechanism of action that will alter the perception of lavender oil as a nonspecific ingredient of aromatherapy to a potent anxiolytic inhibiting voltage dependent calcium channels (VOCCs) as highly selective drug target. In contrast to previous publications where exorbitant high concentrations were used, the effects of lavender oil in behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological experiments were investigated in physiological concentrations in the nanomolar range, which correlate to a single dosage of 80 mg/d in humans that was used in clinical trials. We show for the first time that lavender oil bears some similarities with the established anxiolytic pregabalin. Lavender oil inhibits VOCCs in synaptosomes, primary hippocampal neurons and stably overexpressing cell lines in the same range such as pregabalin. Interestingly, Silexan does not primarily bind to P/Q type calcium channels such as pregabalin and does not interact with the binding site of pregabalin, the α2δ subunit of VOCCs. Lavender oil reduces non-selectively the calcium influx through several different types of VOCCs such as the N-type, P/Q-type and T-type VOCCs. In the hippocampus, one brain region important for anxiety disorders, we show that inhibition by lavender oil is mainly mediated via N-type and P/Q-type VOCCs. Taken together, we provide a pharmacological and molecular rationale for the clinical use of the oral application of lavender oil in patients suffering from anxiety.
Gloydius is a widespread pitviper group occurring from Eastern Europe to Korea and Siberia, with only one known species, G. himalayanus (Günther, 1864), found south of the Himalayas. We provide combined genetic and morphological data for G. himalayanus from specimens collected from Himachal Pradesh, India. Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis were performed on four concatenated mitochondrial genes, along with a multi-locus coalescent analysis of these and five additional nuclear genes. Our results indicate that G. himalayanus from the Chamba Valley, in western Himachal Pradesh, are highly distinct from the remaining studied populations. Haplotype networks of each nuclear locus showed that G. himalayanus contains high haplotype diversity with low haplotype sharing between the Chamba Valley population and populations from further west. Principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis conducted on morphological data of live and museum specimens also highlight the morphological distinctiveness of the Chamba population and we herein describe this population as a new species, Gloydius chambensis sp. nov. Recent descriptions of other new species of snakes from this valley underscores its isolation and suggests that further herpetological investigation of the highly dissected landscapes of the western Himalayas is needed to assess the true diversity of the region.
CD8+ T cells are key players in immunity against intracellular infections and tumors. The main cytokine associated with these protective responses is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), whose production is known to be regulated at the transcriptional level during CD8+ T cell differentiation. Here we found that microRNAs constitute a posttranscriptional brake to IFN-γ expression by CD8+ T cells, since the genetic interference with the Dicer processing machinery resulted in the overproduction of IFN-γ by both thymic and peripheral CD8+ T cells. Using a gene reporter mouse for IFN-γ locus activity, we compared the microRNA repertoires associated with the presence or absence of IFN-γ expression. This allowed us to identify a set of candidates, including miR-181a and miR-451, which were functionally tested in overexpression experiments using synthetic mimics in peripheral CD8+ T cell cultures. We found that miR-181a limits IFN-γ production by suppressing the expression of the transcription factor Id2, which in turn promotes the Ifng expression program. Importantly, upon MuHV-4 challenge, miR-181a-deficient mice showed a more vigorous IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cell response and were able to control viral infection significantly more efficiently than control mice. These data collectively establish a novel role for miR-181a in regulating IFN-γ–mediated effector CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo.
Die Herzinsuffizienz im hohen Lebensalter spielt wegen der demografischen Entwicklung in Deutschland eine zunehmende Rolle im perioperativen Setting der Herzchirurgie. Auch nehmen strukturelle Schäden und Dysfunktionen am Herzen aufgrund von chronischen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen zu. Diese bedürfen oftmals einer operativen Intervention als Therapie. Zum perioperativen Monitoring werden verschiedene Laborwerte herangezogen, um mögliche Komplikationen frühzeitig zu erkennen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das Augenmerk auf Hochrisikopatienten mit Herzinsuffizienz gelegt. Die Fragestellung behandelt, ob sich gewisse Entzündungsmarker bei Hochrisikopatienten, vor allem im hohen Lebensalter, bei verschiedenen Risikogruppen unterscheiden. Es handelt sich um eine prospektive Beobachtungsstudie, in der 94 Patienten perioperativ untersucht wurden. Diese wurden in zwei Gruppen mit jeweils 47 Patienten unterteilt. Die eine enthielt Patienten unter 75 Jahren mit einer linksventrikulären Ejektionsfraktion <35%, einer operationsbedürftigen Mehrklappen-Erkrankung oder einer Herzklappendysfunktion, kombiniert mit einer operationswürdigen koronaren Herzkrankheit. In der zweiten Gruppe wählte man Patienten in einem Alter ab 75 Jahren mit einer operationsbedürftigen Herzkrankheit. Bestimmt wurden die Entzündungsparameter CRP, Procalcitonin, Interleukin 6 und Interleukin 8. Zusätzlich wurde NT-pro-BNP als Marker für Herzinsuffizienz bestimmt. Die Blutentnahmen erfolgten präoperativ, unmittelbar postoperativ, am 1.,2. und 5. Tag postoperativ. Die präoperativen Werte wurden mit dem Risikoprofil der Patienten in Korrelation gesetzt. Dabei stach heraus, dass bei Patienten mit stattgehabter kardialer Dekompensation die Werte von CRP, NT-proBNP, IL6 und IL8 signifikant erhöht waren. Postoperativ erlitten diese Patienten häufiger eine Rethorakotomie. Außerdem ergab sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe der postoperativen Entzündungsparameter und dem Auftreten einer postoperativen Sepsis oder Infektion. Hier zeigte sich, dass CRP erst ab dem 5. Tag postoperativ als Indikator für eine solche gewertet werden kann, während Procalcitonin, IL6 und IL8 schon unmittelbar postoperativ als Parameter für das Auftreten einer Sepsis oder Infektion herangezogen werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden jedoch nicht die Zeitpunkte der postoperativen Komplikationen bestimmt, was eine Prüfung auf Unterschied mit den postoperativen Etnzündungswerten erschwert. Zwischen den perioperativen Verläufen der bestimmten Parameter gab es zwischen den beiden Gruppen keinen signifikanten Unterschied. Dies impliziert, dass eine Ejektionsfraktion <35%/eine Mehrklappen-Erkrankung und ein Alter über 75 Jahren bei gröstenteils normwertiger EF als ebenbürtige Risikofaktoren angesehen werden können.