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Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von Schutzstrategien für den Pflanzenartenschutz ist die Kenntnis über die Verteilung der Zentren der Artenvielfalt im Raum. Je nach Einbürgerungsstatus und Gefährdungssituation kommt verschiedenen Artengruppen dabei eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung zu. In der vorliegenden Studie werden für die Gesamtfläche der Bundesländer Niedersachsen und Bremen die im Niedersächsischen Pflanzenarten-Erfassungsprogramm (1982–2003) auf Messtischblatt-Quadranten- Ebene erhobenen Verbreitungsdaten von Gefäßpflanzensippen unter Berücksichtigung der Gesamtflorenliste (1.819 Sippen), ihres Einbürgerungsstatus (1.509 Indigene, 160 Archäophyten, 145 etablierte Neophyten) und ihrer Gefährdungssituation (ungefährdete und gefährdete Arten; davon 643 Sippen mit Rote-Liste-Status 1, 2, 3, G oder R) ausgewertet. Auf Basis der Gesamtliste ergibt sich eine inhomogene Verteilung der Sippendichte im Gesamtuntersuchungsraum, wobei die standörtlich relativ homogene Küste sowie das Tiefland – mit Ausnahme der großen Stromtäler (Weser, Aller, Elbe) – relativ artenarm sind und das standörtlich sehr heterogene Hügel- und Bergland grundsätzlich die höchsten Sippendichten aufweist. Unter Berücksichtigung des Einbürgerungsstatus zeigen die Archäophyten jeweils die größten Überschneidungsbereiche zu den Indigenen und etablierten Neophyten. Die Verbreitungsmuster der großen Gruppe der Indigenen ähneln denen der Gesamtliste, während sich die Archäophyten auf den Bremer Küstenraum, das Weser-Aller-Flachland, die Börden und das südliche Weser-Leine-Bergland konzentrieren. Die Zentren der Sippenvielfalt der etablierten Neophyten liegen vor allem in städtischen Ballungsräumen und erscheinen oftmals sehr punktuell. Die Rote-Liste-Arten sind in der Mehrzahl indigen (91 %), 8 % von ihnen sind Archäo-, nur 1 % Neophyten. Ihre Diversitätszentren sind außerordentlich differenziert: An der Küste gehören nur die isoliert liegenden Nordsee- Inseln dazu, während im Tiefland das Wendland, die Lüneburger Heide und das Elbe-Weser-Dreieck großflächige Diversitätszentren aufweisen. Im Hügel- und Bergland finden sich vor allem im Raum Göttingen, dem Weserbergland und am Harzrand gut abgegrenzte Zentren der Rote-Liste-Artendiversität. Viele dieser bedrohten Sippen sind vermutlich Spezialisten, die an natürliche oder naturnahe Habitate angepasst und somit nur in den wenigen Landschaftsbereichen anzutreffen sind, die die entsprechenden Habitatbedingungen bieten.
Background In the pandemic, testing for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in one of the pillars on which countermeasures are based. Factors limiting the output of laboratories interfere with the effectiveness of public health measures. Conserving reagents by pooling samples in low-probability settings is proposed, but may cause dilution and loss of sensitivity.
Methods We tested an alternate approach (FACT) by simultaneously incubating multiple respiratory swabs in a single tube. This protocol was evaluated by serial incubation of a respiratory swab in up to 10 tubes. The analytics validity of this concept was demonstrated in a five-sample mini pool set-up. It was consequently applied in the testing of 50 symptomatic patients (five-sample pools) as well as 100 asymptomatic residents of a nursing home (ten-sample pools).
Results Serial incubation of a respiratory swab in up to 10 tubes did not lead to a significant decline in viral concentration. The novel FACT-protocol did not cause a false negative result in a five-sample mini-pool setup, with non-significantly differing Ct values between single sample and mini-pool NAT. In two routine applications, all mini pools containing positive patient samples were correctly identified.
Conclusions Our proposed FACT-protocol did not cause a significant loss in analytic or diagnostic sensitivity compared to single sample testing in multiple setups. It reduced the amount of reagents needed by up to 40%, and also reduced hands-on time. This method could enhance testing efficiency, especially in groups with a low pretest-probability, such as systemically relevant professional groups.
Background: In the pandemic, testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by real-time polymerase chain reaction is one of the pillars on which countermeasures are based. Factors limiting the output of laboratories interfere with the effectiveness of public health measures. Conserving reagents by pooling samples in low-probability settings is proposed but may cause dilution and loss of sensitivity. Blood transfusion services had experience in performance of high throughput nucleic acid testing (NAT) analysis and can support the national health system by screening of the inhabitants for SARS-COV-2.
Methods: We evaluated a new approach of a multiple-swab method by simultaneously incubating multiple respiratory swabs in a single tube. Analytical sensitivity was constant up to a total number of 50 swabs. It was consequently applied in the testing of 50 symptomatic patients (5-sample pools) as well as 100 asymptomatic residents of a nursing home (10-sample pools).
Results: The novel method did not cause false-negative results with nonsignificantly differing cycle threshold values between single-swab and multiple-swab NAT. In two routine applications, all minipools containing positive patient samples were correctly identified.
Conclusions: The new method enables countries to increase the total number of testing significantly. The multiple-swab method is able to screen system relevant groups of employees frequently. The example in Germany shows that blood transfusion services can support general health systems with their experience in NAT and their high-throughput instruments. Screening of a huge number of inhabitants is currently the only option to prevent a second infection wave and enable exit strategies in many countries.
Introduction: Immune paralysis with massive T-cell apoptosis is a central pathogenic event during sepsis and correlates with septic patient mortality. Previous observations implied a crucial role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) during T-cell apoptosis.
Methods: To elucidate mechanisms of PPARγ-induced T-cell depletion, we used an endotoxin model as well as the caecal ligation and puncture sepsis model to imitate septic conditions in wild-type versus conditional PPARγ knockout (KO) mice.
Results: PPARγ KO mice showed a marked survival advantage compared with control mice. Their T cells were substantially protected against sepsis-induced death and showed a significantly higher expression of the pro-survival factor IL-2. Since PPARγ is described to repress nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transactivation and concomitant IL-2 expression, we propose inhibition of NFAT as the underlying mechanism allowing T-cell apoptosis. Corroborating our hypothesis, we observed up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in control mice, which are downstream effector proteins of IL-2 receptor signaling. Application of a neutralizing anti-IL-2 antibody reversed the pro-survival effect of PPARγ-deficient T cells and confirmed IL-2-dependent apoptosis during sepsis.
Conclusion: Apparently antagonizing PPARγ in T cells might improve their survival during sepsis, which concomitantly enhances defence mechanisms and possibly provokes an increased survival of septic patients.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with dangerously low body weight, and a deep and persistent fear of gaining weight. To date, only one genome-wide significant locus associated with AN has been identified. We performed an exome-chip based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 2158 cases from nine populations of European origin and 15 485 ancestrally matched controls. Unlike previous studies, this GWAS also probed association in low-frequency and rare variants. Sixteen independent variants were taken forward for in silico and de novo replication (11 common and 5 rare). No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two notable common variants were identified: rs10791286, an intronic variant in OPCML (P=9.89 × 10−6), and rs7700147, an intergenic variant (P=2.93 × 10−5). No low-frequency variant associations were identified at genome-wide significance, although the study was well-powered to detect low-frequency variants with large effect sizes, suggesting that there may be no AN loci in this genomic search space with large effect sizes.