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Background: 15-20% of all patients initially diagnosed with colorectal cancer develop metastatic disease and surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment available. Current 5-year survival following R0-resection of liver metastases is 28-39%, but recurrence eventually occurs in up to 70%. To date, adjuvant chemotherapy has not improved clinical outcomes significantly. The primary objective of the ongoing LICC trial (L-BLP25 In Colorectal Cancer) is to determine whether L-BLP25, an active cancer immunotherapy, extends recurrence-free survival (RFS) time over placebo in colorectal cancer patients following R0/R1 resection of hepatic metastases. L-BLP25 targets MUC1 glycoprotein, which is highly expressed in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. In a phase IIB trial, L-BLP25 has shown acceptable tolerability and a trend towards longer survival in patients with stage IIIB locoregional NSCLC.
Methods: This is a multinational, phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a sample size of 159 patients from 20 centers in 3 countries. Patients with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma limited to liver metastases are included. Following curative-intent complete resection of the primary tumor and of all synchronous/metachronous metastases, eligible patients are randomized 2:1 to receive either L-BLP25 or placebo. Those allocated to L-BLP25 receive a single dose of 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide (CP) 3 days before first L-BLP25 dose, then primary treatment with s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug once weekly for 8 weeks, followed by s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug maintenance doses at 6-week (years 1&2) and 12-week (year 3) intervals unless recurrence occurs. In the control arm, CP is replaced by saline solution and L-BLP25 by placebo. Primary endpoint is the comparison of recurrence-free survival (RFS) time between groups. Secondary endpoints are overall survival (OS) time, safety, tolerability, RFS/OS in MUC-1 positive cancers. Exploratory immune response analyses are planned. The primary endpoint will be assessed in Q3 2016. Follow-up will end Q3 2017. Interim analyses are not planned.
Discussion: The design and implementation of such a vaccination study in colorectal cancer is feasible. The study will provide recurrence-free and overall survival rates of groups in an unbiased fashion. Trial Registration EudraCT Number 2011-000218-20
Internationale sprachwissenschaftliche Konferenz "Korpuslinguistik Deutsch-Tschechisch kontrastiv" in Sambachshof und Würzburg, 06.-08. Oktober 2009 (Iva Kratochvílová, Norbert Richard Wolf)
"Tschechen und Deutsche im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. Neue Sichtweisen auf alte Probleme." Deutsch-tschechisches Seminar in Sankelmark, 09.-11. Oktober 2009 (Jarmila Jehličková)
Von der Grenze zum Dazwischen. Ein tschechisch-österreichisches Projekt zur Grenze und der Veränderung ihrer Wahrnehmung in Wien, 9.-11. November 2009 und Brünn 7.-10. Dezember 2009 (Michaela Kropik, Katharina Wessely)
Bericht über den V. Germanisten-Kongress in Sevilla, 16.-18. Dezember 2009 (Fernando Magallanes)
Bericht über die Linguistik-Tage in Freiburg im Breisgau, 02.-04. März 2010 (Martin Lachout)
Sprachliches Wissen zwischen Lexikon und Grammatik. Bericht über die 46. Jahrestagung des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim, 09.-11. März 2010 (Veronika Kotůlková)
"Mittlerin aus Europas Mitte" – 3. MGV-Kongress in Wien, 08.-10. April 2010 (Manfred Glauniger)
"Gedichte und Geschichte – Zur poetischen und politischen Rede in Österreich". Tagung der Franz Werfel-Stipendiaten und –Stipendiatinnen in Wien, 16.–17. April 2010 (Roman Kopřiva)
Binationales Kolloquium zur Problematik der Migrationsformen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert in Geschichte und Kunst in Ústí nad Labem, 22.-24. März 2010 und Linz 04.-07. Mai 2010 (Jarmila Jehličková)
Ein "hinternationaler" Schriftsteller aus Böhmen: Dritte internationale Johannes-Urzidil-Konferenz in Ústí nad Labem, 05.-08. Mai 2010 (Vera Schneider)
"Wir sind Tschechinnen, wir schreiben Deutsch!" – Öffentliche Gesprächsrunde mit deutschsprachigen Autorinnen in Prag, 13. Mai 2010 (Jenifer Johanna Becker)
"Überkreuzungen. Verhandlungen kultureller, ethnischer, religiöser und geschlechtlicher Identitäten in österreichischer Literatur und Kultur." MALCA-Tagung in Wien, 22.-25. Mai 2010 (Daniela Drobna, Katharina Haderer, Natalie Lamprecht, Friedrich Teutsch, Esther Wratschko)
A thermodynamic theory of liquid mixtures based on a simple molecular model is developed which describes the equilibrium state as the result of a coupling between a "chemical" and a "statistical" equilibrium. The intermolecular interactions are taken into account by considering "complexes" formed between a given molecule and its z nearest neighbours. The equilibrium mole fractions of these complexes are calculated by application of the ideal law of mass action to an appropriate set of "exchange equilibria". Formulae for the excess functions GE and HE and for the activities of the components are derived for the cases z=1 and z=4. GE depends on an equilibrium constant K describing the deviation from random distribution of the equilibrium mole fractions of the complexes. HE depends on K and on an energy parameter w which is related to differences of pair interactions. K and w are independent parameters, and there is no limitation in respect to amount and sign of the excess functions. The conditions for the existence of a critical solution point are formulated; at this point GE has a value of about 0.56 R T. If a model with two equilibrium constants is used allowing for instance competition between "self-association" and "complex-formation", the existence of closed miscibility gaps becomes possible. Closed miscibility curves are calculated and the conditions for their appearance are discussed. The relations between this theory and Guggenheim's statistical lattice theory of symmetrical mixtures are pointed out.
This paper contains further applications on symmetrical liquid mixtures of the molecular thermodynamic theory which has been developped in part I of this series. The essential feature of this theory is the superposition of "chemical" and “random” exchange equilibria between “complexes” formed by a given molecule and its z nearest neighbours, thus allowing a unified treatment of the thermodynamic phenomena in binary liquid mixtures using the equilibrium constant K of the ideal law of mass action and the energy w of pair interactions as parameters.
The temperature and pressure dependences of K and the evaluation of experimental excess enthalpy and excess volume data are treated. Formulas and examples for the calculation of K and w from isothermal and non-isothermal vapour-liquid equilibrium data are given. The conditions for azeotropy with minimum or maximum vapour pressure, resp., are derived. Melting curves for a symmetric eutectic system with superposed miscibility gap are discussed. Further models for partially miscible liquids with competing self-association and complex-formation are treated showing the phenomenon of two separated miscibility gaps.
In this paper equilibrium models for the calculation of the excess Gibbs free energy of binary liquid mixtures are developed, the component A of which undergoes chain-forming self-association whilst the component B acts as an 'inert' solvent. It is shown that the extension of the well-known chain-association model of Mecke and Kempter, in which the probability of chain prolongation is assumed to be independent of chain length, is unable to establish satisfactory results because it does not exhibit sufficient unsymmetry. Reduction of the probability of chain growth with in-creasing chain length leads to an improved model with the geometric series replaced by the exponential series. This model, in which only two parameters are used, i. e. the equilibrium constants K for mutual solvation of A and B, and ρ for self-association of A, allows fitting of isothermal experimental GE /R T literature data on cycloalkanol-cycloalkane, alkanol-alkane, and NMF -CCl4 systems within the limits of experimental error. Compared with the two-parameter Wilson equation which gives equally small standard deviations, our equilibrium model has the advantage of allowing passage from GE to HE data and of being applicable to liquid-liquid equilibria.
Phasentrennung als Folge der Konkurrenz zwischen "statistischer" und "chemischer" Vermischung
(1977)
The fact that common thermodynamic conditions are valid for all known types of critical phases (liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, and "gas-gas") suggests that a common principle for the interpretation of material phase instability from a molecular point of view must exist. In this paper we show that the principle of competition between "statistical mixing" (i. e. random mixing) and "chemical mixing" (i. e. mixing effected under the influence of chemical interactions) can give this common inter pretation. If the equilibrium states resulting from both types of mixing are sufficiently different, phase separation occurs. We refer to our earlier papers (since 1972) in which we have applied this principle to describe liquid-liquid phase equilibria by "chemical" models, using the equilibrium constants of exchange equilibria between nearest-neighbour complexes as a measure of "chemical" mixing. In this paper we show that the well-known reduced gas-liquid coexistence curve, T/Tc =f(q/qc), can accurately be fitted by a very simple "mixture" model of molecules A with "vacan cies", provided that the contributions of both statistical and chemical mixing are incorporated into the formula for GE. From a discussion of the application to "gas-gas" phase equilibria in the hyper critical region it results that the weight factor r, by which the contribution of statistical mixing enters into GE, must depend on the density of the gas mixture. Phase separation can only occur if, by increasing pressure, the contributions to GE of statistical and chemical mixing have reached the same order of magnitude. From an attempt to apply the same principle to solid-liquid equilibria it is shown under which external conditions a critical point for this type of phase transition can be expected.
The enthalpies of mixing at 25° of diethyl ether, di-n-propyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyran with chloroform are determined by an isothermal titration method. As a result, the functions HM-f(N CHCl3) are obtained with a step width of 0.025 of the mole fraction and a relative accuracy of 1 per cent or better. Evaluation of the heat of mixing data by means of equilibrium models ("ideal associated mixture") shows that the systems of aliphatic ethers with chloroform behave rather precisely as one-step equilibria of the type A + B = AB (A = ether; B = chloroform). In the systems of cyclic ethers with chloroform, a second equilibrium step, AB + B = AB2 , must be considered, the importance of which decreases with increasing ring size of the ether. The equilibrium data calculated for the seven ether-diloroform systems are discussed.
As we have shown in a recent paper, the principle of competition between "statistical" and "chemical" mixing represents a molecular thermodynamic approach to all known types of phase separation. This principle is effective if the contributions of two independent spontaneous processes enter into the thermodynamic potential by which the resulting equilibrium state of the system is determined. This is equivalent with the statement that two different forms of entropy exist which are not interchangeable, and for which the law of increasing entropy independently must be valid. As "cooperativity" is introduced by this principle, critical phenomena may be described by simple equilibrium models in which only nearest-neighbour interactions are considered.
Starting from the molar Gibbs free energy GM of the most simple binary equilibrium model z = 1 with nearest-neighbour pairs, nonclassical critical-point exponents α = 0.33 of the molar heat capacity, β = 0.33 of the coexistence curve, γ = 1.33 of the isothermal compressibility, and δ = 4.33 of the critical isotherm, are derived, which are consistent with the well-known exponent in equalities. These non-classical critical-point exponents are independent of the chemical nature of the particles because they are obtained by applying thermodynamic arguments on the coupling constant τ, by which the contribution of "statistical mixing" to GM is weighted.