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Driven by globalization, urbanization and climate change, the distribution range of invasive vector species has expanded to previously colder ecoregions. To reduce health-threatening impacts on humans, insect vectors are extensively studied. Population genomics can reveal the genomic basis of adaptation and help to identify emerging trends of vector expansion. By applying whole genome analyses and genotype-environment associations to populations of the main dengue vector Aedes aegypti, sampled along an altitudinal gradient in Nepal (200–1300 m), we identify putatively adaptive traits and describe the species' genomic footprint of climate adaptation to colder ecoregions. We found two differentiated clusters with significantly different allele frequencies in genes associated to climate adaptation between the highland population (1300 m) and all other lowland populations (≤800 m). We revealed nonsynonymous mutations in 13 of the candidate genes associated to either altitude, precipitation or cold tolerance and identified an isolation-by-environment differentiation pattern. Other than the expected gradual differentiation along the altitudinal gradient, our results reveal a distinct genomic differentiation of the highland population. Local high-altitude adaptation could be one explanation of the population's phenotypic cold tolerance. Carrying alleles relevant for survival under colder climate increases the likelihood of this highland population to a worldwide expansion into other colder ecoregions.
Convective rain cell properties and the resulting precipitation scaling in a warm-temperate climate
(2022)
Convective precipitation events have been shown to intensify at rates exceeding the Clausius–Clapeyron rate (CC rate) of ca. 7% K−1 under current climate conditions. In this study, we relate atmospheric variables (low-level dew point temperature, convective available potential energy, and vertical wind shear), which are regarded as ingredients for severe deep convection, to properties of convective rain cells (cell area, maximum precipitation intensity, lifetime, precipitation sum, and cell speed). The rain cell properties are obtained from a rain gauge-adjusted radar dataset in a mid-latitude region, which is characterized by a temperate climate with warm summers (Germany). Different Lagrangian cell properties scale with dew point temperature at varying rates. While the maximum precipitation intensity of cells scales consistently at the CC rate, the area and precipitation sum per cell scale at varying rates above the CC rate. We show that this super-CC scaling is caused by a covarying increase of convective available potential energy with dew point temperature. Wind shear increases the precipitation sum per cell mainly by increasing the spatial cell extent. From a Eulerian point of view, this increase is partly compensated by a higher cell velocity, which leads to Eulerian precipitation scaling rates close to and slightly above the CC rate. Thus, Eulerian scaling rates of convective precipitation are modulated by convective available potential energy and vertical wind shear, making it unlikely that present scaling rates can be applied to future climate conditions. Furthermore, we show that cells that cause heavy precipitation at fixed locations occur at low vertical wind shear and, thus, move relatively slowly compared to typical cells.
Background: Driven by globalization, urbanization and climate change, the distribution range of invasive vector species has expanded to previously colder ecoregions. To reduce health-threatening impacts on humans, insect vectors are extensively studied. Population genomics can reveal the genomic basis of adaptation and help to identify emerging trends of vector expansion.
Results: By applying whole genome analyses and genotype-environment associations to populations of the main dengue vector Ae. aegypti, sampled along an altitudinal temperature gradient in Nepal (200- 1300m), we identify adaptive traits and describe the species’ genomic footprint of climate adaptation to colder ecoregions. We found two clusters of differentiation with significantly different allele frequencies in genes associated to climate adaptation between the highland population (1300m) and all other lowland populations (≤ 800 m). We revealed non-synonymous mutations in 13 of the candidate genes associated to either altitude, precipitation or cold tolerance and identified an isolation-by-environment differentiation pattern.
Conclusion: Other than the expected gradual differentiation along the altitudinal gradient, our results reveal a distinct genomic differentiation of the highland population. This finding either indicates a differential invasion history to Nepal or local high-altitude adaptation explaining the population’s phenotypic cold tolerance. In any case, this highland population can be assumed to carry pre-adapted alleles relevant for the species’ invasion into colder ecoregions worldwide that way expanding their climate niche.