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Der natürliche Fluß und seine Veränderung durch den Menschen : dargestellt am Beispiel Oberweser
(1988)
Am Beispiel der Oberweser zwischen Beverungen und Holzminden wird die weitestgehende Zerstörung eines natürlichen Flußsystems durch den Menschen aufgezeigt. Die für den Naturzustand typischen Gewässerstrukturen wie Stromspaltungen, Uferabbrüche, Kolke und Flachwasserstellen werden eingehend charakterisiert und die Geschichte ihrer Beseitigung beschrieben. Ein Vergleich zwischen ursprünglicher und heutiger Flußlandschaft verdeutlicht die durch das Wirken des Menschen verursachten tiefgreifenden Veränderungen im "Ökosystem Fluß". Es zeigt sich, daß der wesentliche Eingriff des Menschen auf den Fluß heute darin besteht, daß sich die Wirkungen nacheinander folgender Hochwasser nicht mehr summieren können.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.