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In Central Europe stands of the Koelerion glaucae vegetation complex are threatened and mostly highly fragmented. Knowledge about the impact of abiotic and biotic measures to restore this vegetation complex is crucial. Therefore, an inland sand dune complex (around 2 ha) was created in 2009 as a study model in the Upper Rhine Valley (Germany), which included sites with different substrate conditions as well as grazing impact and minimized inoculation with plant material.
The restoration area is divided into two halves with different substrate conditions (sites 1 and 2), on which inoculation with raked plant material and grazing by donkeys was studied on systematically arranged plots with randomised treatment distribution (32 plots). Additionally the whole area was monitored by a grid-plot approach to show the floristic background (43 plots). Minimized inoculation was conducted with rare Koelerion glaucae plant material in small plots covering around 5–7% of the restoration sites. During the four-year study, vegetation development was recorded and examined in relation to the donor site and an older restoration site. Soil seed bank and seed rain in the newly deposited restoration sites were also investigated, as well as the endozoochorous seed-dispersal by donkeys. Target species ratios (TSR) were calculated to estimate the restoration success. We used mixed linear models and detrended correspondence analysis for data evaluation.
Substrate conditions had an impact on the number of target species and on phanerogam and cryptogam cover. Inoculation enhanced both number and, without grazing, cover of target species since the first year. On not-inoculated plots and on grid-plots, target-species numbers increased gradually. Grazing by donkeys did not affect target-species numbers, but had a decreasing effect on target-species cover. Grazing reduced bryophyte cover, especially on inoculated plots. DCA revealed development of the experimental plots towards the donor site, as has occurred on the older restoration site. Soil seed bank and seed rain were characterized by ruderal species, and did not show similarities to the donor site. Endozoochory revealed some target species to be effectively dispersed by donkeys.
Minimized inoculation is suitable to overcome seed limitation and build up starter populations of target species for the colonization of larger restoration sites. However, within four years species composition of the donor site was not achieved. Grazing by donkeys had mainly structural effects for the studied time period.