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We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
The measurement of the mass differences for systems bound by the strong force has reached a very high precision with protons and anti-protons1,2. The extension of such measurement from (anti-)baryons to (anti-)nuclei allows one to probe any difference in the interactions between nucleons and anti-nucleons encoded in the (anti-)nuclei masses. This force is a remnant of the underlying strong interaction among quarks and gluons and can be described by effective theories3, but cannot yet be directly derived from quantum chromodynamics. Here we report a measurement of the difference between the ratios of the mass and charge of deuterons (d) and anti-deuterons (), and 3He and nuclei carried out with the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)4 detector in Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. Our direct measurement of the mass-over-charge differences confirms CPT invariance to an unprecedented precision in the sector of light nuclei5,6. This fundamental symmetry of nature, which exchanges particles with anti-particles, implies that all physics laws are the same under the simultaneous reversal of charge(s) (charge conjugation C), reflection of spatial coordinates (parity transformation P) and time inversion (T).
The ALICE Zero Degree Calorimeter system (ZDC) is composed of two identical sets of calorimeters, placed at opposite sides with respect to the interaction point, 114 meters away from it, complemented by two small forward electromagnetic calorimeters (ZEM). Each set of detectors consists of a neutron (ZN) and a proton (ZP) ZDC. They are placed at zero degrees with respect to the LHC axis and allow to detect particles emitted close to beam direction, in particular neutrons and protons emerging from hadronic heavy-ion collisions (spectator nucleons) and those emitted from electromagnetic processes. For neutrons emitted by these two processes, the ZN calorimeters have nearly 100% acceptance.
During the √sNN = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb data-taking, the ALICE Collaboration studied forward neutron emission with a dedicated trigger, requiring a minimum energy deposition in at least one of the two ZN. By exploiting also the information of the two ZEM calorimeters it has been possible to separate the contributions of electromagnetic and hadronic processes and to study single neutron vs. multiple neutron emission.
The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, with neutron emission, are σsingle EMD = 187:4 ± 0.2 (stat.)−11.2+13.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD = 5.7 ± 0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively [1]. This is the first measurement of electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC energies, allowing a test of electromagnetic dissociation theory in a new energy regime. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.
Die Glucosinolate (GS) sind charakteristische sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe, vorkommend in der Gruppe der Brassicaceae und anderen Familien der Ordnung Brassicales (Halkier & Gershenzon 2006). Bisher sind mehr als 120 verschiedene GS beschrieben, welche eine gemeinsame Grundstruktur mit variablem Seitenkettenrest kennzeichnet (Fahey et al. 2001). Je nach chemischer Natur der Seitenkette werden die GS in aliphatische, aromatische und Indolyl-GS unterteilt. Alle GS-enthaltenden Pflanzen besitzen zusätzlich räumlich getrennt von den GS hydrolysierende Enzyme, so genannte Myrosinasen. Erst nach Zellbeschädigung kommen die beiden Komponenten in Kontakt zueinander und weitere biologisch aktive Verbindungen wie z. B. Isothiocyanate und Nitrile werden freigesetzt (Rask et al. 2000). Das GS-Myrosinase-System ist ein effektives Abwehrsystem insbesondere gegenüber generalistischen Insekten, Pathogenen und Bakterien, allerdings dienen vielen spezialisierten Insekten diese Stoffe zur Wirtspflanzenfindung und -akzeptanz (Renwick 2002, Halkier & Gershenzon 2006). Die Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana L. enthält als Vertreter der Brassicaceae GS als Fraßabwehrstoffe. In A. thaliana als auch in Brassica ist das aliphatische GS-Muster sehr variabel, wohingegen die Indolyl-GS weit verbreitet sind (Kliebenstein 2001, Li & Quiros 2002). Allerdings fehlen Studien zur Funktion dieser GS-Klassen innerhalb der Pflanzenresistenz gegenüber Phytophagenfraß. Deshalb wurden zwei A. thaliana -Mutanten mit verändertem aliphatischen bzw. Indolyl-GS-Profil im Vergleich zu Columbia WT auf die Wirtspflanzeneignung für drei verschieden spezialisierte Lepidoptera-Arten getestet.
Die Genese der Leptinite und Paragneise zwischen Nordrach und Gengenbach im mittleren Schwarzwald
(1990)
Nachdem die Erforschung der anatektischen Prozesse lange Jahre das Bild des metamorphen Schwarzwalds prägte, wurden durch das Erkennen von Niedrigdruck- und Mitteldruck-Faziesserien (BLÜMEL 1983) und durch die lithologische Gliederung (WIMMENAUER 1984) neue Akzente im metamorphen Grundgebirge gesetzt. Im Rahmen des Kontinentalen Tiefbohrprogramms der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB) wurde im Raum Nordrach-Gengenbach eine Leptinit-Paragneis-Wechselfolge kartiert. Vier Einheiten konnten unterschieden werden: (1) homogene Areale aus biotitarmen Leptiniten, (2) homogene Areale aus biotitreichen Leptiniten, (3) Areale aus verschiedenen, psammopelitischen Paragneisen und (4) eine Wechsellagerung im Aufschlussbereich zwischen Paragneisen und biotitarmen Leptiniten. Die ganze Wechselfolge stellt einen metamorphen, vulkano-sedimentären Komplex aus mindestens zwei verschiedenen Rhyolithen, rhyolithischen Tuffen, Tonsteinen, Grauwacken/Arkosen und Tuffiten dar. Die Struktur des Arbeitsgebiets wird durch die Wippersbach-Mulde, einen Bereich entlang des Haigerach-Tals mit Tendenz zu einem hochtemperatur-mylonitischen Gefüge und den Nordracher Granit, der parallel zur Foliation der Metamorphite intrudierte, geprägt. Im Mittelbachtal ist in streichender Verlängerung der Zone Diersburg-Berghaupten eine ca. 200 m breite Störungszone aufgeschlossen, die mehrphasig mylonitisch und kataklastisch überprägt wurde. Die biotitarmen Leptinite bestehen im wesentlichen aus 40 % Quarz und 60 % Feldspat. Sie sind nahezu massig, feinkörnig-ungleichkörnig (0,1 - 1 mm) mit amöboiden Kornformen. Mylonitische Gefüge kommen untergeordnet vor. Ihr Mineralbestand lautet: Quarz, Biotit, Granat, Sillimanit, Cordierit, Spinell, Ilmenit, Rutil. Die ehemaligen Hypersolvus-Feldspäte Mesoperthit und Antiperthit zeigen eine Entwicklungsreihe zu diskreten Plagioklas(An10-20)- und Orthoklas-Körnern. Um Granat ist eine Corona aus Cordierit-Quarz-Symplektit oder hellgrünem Biotit entwickelt. Die biotitreichen Leptinite haben durch den erhöhten Biotit-Gehalt (um 3 %) ein flaseriges Gefüge. Ihnen fehlt Mesoperthit, dafür führen sie reichlich Antiperthit (An20). Monazit ist ein charakteristischer akzessorischer Gemengteil. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Leptinite entspricht der von Rhyolithen und ist über viele km nahezu konstant. Eine Probe ist stark an Uran verarmt. Die untersuchten Leptinite ähneln nach Auftreten, Chemismus und Metamorphose den Leptiniten von Todtmoos im Südschwarzwald. Die Paragneise werden in Quarz-Feldspat-reiche Meta-Grauwacken/Meta-Arkosen und Cordierit-reiche Meta-Pelite gegliedert. Das Gefüge ist feinkörnig, lagig-flaserig, teilweise mittelkörnig-migmatitisch und selten mylonitisch oder metablastisch. Der Mineralbestand lautet: Quarz, Plagioklas(An30), Antiperthit, Orthoklas, Biotit, Cordierit, Granat, Kyanit, Sillimanit (meist pseudomorph nach Kyanit), Andalusit (kontaktmetamorph), Spinell, Diaspor, Rutil, Graphit, Ilmenit und Sulfide. Die chemischen Analysen der Paragneise wurden mit denen von nicht metamorphen Sedimenten verglichen: die cordieritreichen Paragneise konnten als metamorphe Tongesteine bestimmt werden, die Quarz-Feldspat-reichen Paragneise sind metamorphe Grauwacken oder Arkosen, da sich Grauwacken und Arkosen nach ihrer chemischen Analyse nicht eindeutig unterscheiden lassen. Im Arbeitsgebiet gibt es nur ein kleines Amphibolit-Vorkommen. Es handelt sich um einen Cummingtonit-führenden Amphibolit, bei dem sich noch ein früheres Metamorphose-Stadium unter hohen Drücken nachweisen lässt. Der Strukturzustand der Alkalifeldspäte (Or85) ist lithologieabhängig und liegt zwischen Orthoklas und Maximum Mikroklin. Granat ist nur schwach diffusions-zoniert. Die Ca-reichen Zentren und Ca-armen Ränder der Granate zeigen eine Druckentlastung an. Aus den Biotit-Analysen (TiO2 bis 5,3 Gew.-%) wurde abgeleitet, da die Tschermak-Substitution die AlVI-Variation nicht erklären kann, sondern dass der AlVI-Gehalt in den untersuchten Biotiten wahrscheinlich vom Fe/(Fe+Mg)-Verhältnis des Gesteins abhängt. Cordierit (teilweise Fe-reich) ist meist pinitisiert. Bei einigen Piniten kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass nach NEDELEC & PAQUET (1981) nicht Cordierit sondern eine Schmelze das Edukt war. Grüner und brauner Fe-Mg-Zn-Aluminat-Spinell kommt vorwiegend zusammen mit Cordierit (±Diaspor) als Corona um Kyanit vor. Das ganze Aggregat wird durch eine äußere Plagioklas-Corona vom Rest des Gesteins abgekapselt. Die metamorphe Entwicklung der untersuchten Gesteine beginnt mit einem druckbetonten Stadium (Hochdruck-Granulitfazies bis ?Eklogit-Fazies) und der Paragenese Granat + Kyanit + Hypersolvus-Feldspäte + Quarz ± Biotit. Die Temperatur lässt sich nur recht unsicher zu 700 °C abschätzen. Mit dem jetzt vorliegenden Plagioklas ergibt sich mit dem GPAQ-Thermobarometer, dem GRAIL- und dem GRIPS-Barometer ein Druck um 7-9 kbar, der als gut belegter Mindestdruck interpretiert wird. Falls aber während dieses Stadiums die Ca-reichen Granat-Zentren der biotitarmen Leptinite mit einem Hypersolvus-Alkalifeldspat (3 Mol-% Anorthit-Komponente nach der CIPW-Norm der Gesteinsanalyse) und Kyanit im Gleichgewicht standen, dann ergeben sich deutlich höhere Drücke von 14-19 kbar. Dieses Metamorphose-Stadium lässt sich mit dem geochronologischen 480 Ma-Ereignis (Ordovizium) korrelieren. Darauf folgt ein Druckentlastungs-Zwischenstadium mit der Umwandlung von Kyanit in Sillimanit und der Bildung der Spinell-Coronen um Al2SiO5-Minerale. Den Abschluss der Metamorphose-Entwicklung bildet ein statisches Cordieritisierungs-Stadium (LP-HT-Metamorphose, Cordierit-Kalifeldspat-Paragenese). Es bewirkte das statische Wachstum von reichlich Cordierit in Biotit-Sillimanit-reichen Teilgefügen und um Granat. Die Temperatur lag dabei nach dem Granat-Biotit-, dem Granat-Cordierit- und dem Granat-Ilmenit-Thermometer bei 650±50 °C. Der Druck betrug dabei nach dem GPAQ-Thermobarometer 3±2 kbar. Dieses Metamorphose-Stadium ist im NE des Raums Nordrach-Gengenbach stark ausgeprägt, im SW, wo das frühe, druckbetonte Stadium gut erhalten ist, nur schwach. Das statische Cordieritisierungs-Stadium lässt sich in das Karbon einstufen.
LICE is one of the four major LHC experiments at CERN. When the accelerator enters the Run 3 data-taking period, starting in 2021, ALICE expects almost 100 times more Pb-Pb central collisions than now, resulting in a large increase of data throughput. In order to cope with this new challenge, the collaboration had to extensively rethink the whole data processing chain, with a tighter integration between Online and Offline computing worlds. Such a system, code-named ALICE O2, is being developed in collaboration with the FAIR experiments at GSI. It is based on the ALFA framework which provides a generalized implementation of the ALICE High Level Trigger approach, designed around distributed software entities coordinating and communicating via message passing.
We will highlight our efforts to integrate ALFA within the ALICE O2 environment. We analyze the challenges arising from the different running environments for production and development, and conclude on requirements for a flexible and modular software framework. In particular we will present the ALICE O2 Data Processing Layer which deals with ALICE specific requirements in terms of Data Model. The main goal is to reduce the complexity of development of algorithms and managing a distributed system, and by that leading to a significant simplification for the large majority of the ALICE users.
Highlights
• A big dataset reveals age-related alterations in EEG biomarkers and cognition.
• Prominent decline of individual alpha peak frequency primarily in temporal lobes.
• A positive association between individual alpha peak frequency and working memory.
• Absence of age-related alpha power decline when controlling for 1/f decay of the PSD.
• Alpha power is negatively associated with the speed of processing in elderly sample.
Abstract
While many structural and biochemical changes in the brain have previously been associated with older age, findings concerning functional properties of neuronal networks, as reflected in their electrophysiological signatures, remain rather controversial. These discrepancies might arise due to several reasons, including diverse factors determining general spectral slowing in the alpha frequency range as well as amplitude mixing between the rhythmic and non-rhythmic parameters. We used a large dataset (N = 1703, mean age 70) to comprehensively investigate age-related alterations in multiple EEG biomarkers taking into account rhythmic and non-rhythmic activity and their individual contributions to cognitive performance. While we found strong evidence for an individual alpha peak frequency (IAF) decline in older age, we did not observe a significant relationship between theta power and age while controlling for IAF. Not only did IAF decline with age, but it was also positively associated with interference resolution in a working memory task primarily in the right and left temporal lobes suggesting its functional role in information sampling. Critically, we did not detect a significant relationship between alpha power and age when controlling for the 1/f spectral slope, while the latter one showed age-related alterations. These findings thus suggest that the entanglement of IAF slowing and power in the theta frequency range, as well as 1/f slope and alpha power measures, might explain inconsistencies reported previously in the literature. Finally, despite the absence of age-related alterations, alpha power was negatively associated with the speed of processing in the right frontal lobe while 1/f slope showed no consistent relationship to cognitive performance. Our results thus demonstrate that multiple electrophysiological features, as well as their interplay, should be considered for the comprehensive assessment of association between age, neuronal activity, and cognitive performance.