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EUSOBI and 30 national breast radiology bodies support mammography for population-based screening, demonstrated to reduce breast cancer (BC) mortality and treatment impact. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the reduction in mortality is 40 % for women aged 50–69 years taking up the invitation while the probability of false-positive needle biopsy is <1 % per round and overdiagnosis is only 1–10 % for a 20-year screening. Mortality reduction was also observed for the age groups 40–49 years and 70–74 years, although with “limited evidence”. Thus, we firstly recommend biennial screening mammography for average-risk women aged 50–69 years; extension up to 73 or 75 years, biennially, is a second priority, from 40–45 to 49 years, annually, a third priority. Screening with thermography or other optical tools as alternatives to mammography is discouraged. Preference should be given to population screening programmes on a territorial basis, with double reading. Adoption of digital mammography (not film-screen or phosphor-plate computer radiography) is a priority, which also improves sensitivity in dense breasts. Radiologists qualified as screening readers should be involved in programmes. Digital breast tomosynthesis is also set to become “routine mammography” in the screening setting in the next future. Dedicated pathways for high-risk women offering breast MRI according to national or international guidelines and recommendations are encouraged.
Background: In oldest-old patients (>80), few trials showed efficacy of treating hypertension and they included mostly the healthiest elderly. The resulting lack of knowledge has led to inconsistent guidelines, mainly based on systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiovascular disease (CVD) but not on frailty despite the high prevalence in oldest-old. This may lead to variation how General Practitioners (GPs) treat hypertension. Our aim was to investigate treatment variation of GPs in oldest-olds across countries and to identify the role of frailty in that decision.
Methods: Using a survey, we compared treatment decisions in cases of oldest-old varying in SBP, CVD, and frailty. GPs were asked if they would start antihypertensive treatment in each case. In 2016, we invited GPs in Europe, Brazil, Israel, and New Zealand. We compared the percentage of cases that would be treated per countries. A logistic mixed-effects model was used to derive odds ratio (OR) for frailty with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for SBP, CVD, and GP characteristics (sex, location and prevalence of oldest-old per GP office, and years of experience). The mixed-effects model was used to account for the multiple assessments per GP.
Results: The 29 countries yielded 2543 participating GPs: 52% were female, 51% located in a city, 71% reported a high prevalence of oldest-old in their offices, 38% and had >20 years of experience. Across countries, considerable variation was found in the decision to start antihypertensive treatment in the oldest-old ranging from 34 to 88%. In 24/29 (83%) countries, frailty was associated with GPs’ decision not to start treatment even after adjustment for SBP, CVD, and GP characteristics (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.48–0.59; ORs per country 0.11–1.78).
Conclusions: Across countries, we found considerable variation in starting antihypertensive medication in oldest-old. The frail oldest-old had an odds ratio of 0.53 of receiving antihypertensive treatment. Future hypertension trials should also include frail patients to acquire evidence on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment in oldest-old patients with frailty, with the aim to get evidence-based data for clinical decision-making.
The antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin (pola) has recently been approved in combination with bendamustine and rituximab (pola-BR) for patients with refractory or relapsed (r/r) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). To investigate the efficacy of pola-BR in a real-world setting, we retrospectively analyzed 105 patients with LBCL who were treated in 26 German centers under the national compassionate use program. Fifty-four patients received pola as a salvage treatment and 51 patients were treated with pola with the intention to bridge to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (n = 41) or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (n = 10). Notably, patients in the salvage and bridging cohort had received a median of 3 prior treatment lines. In the salvage cohort, the best overall response rate was 48.1%. The 6-month progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) was 27.7% and 49.6%, respectively. In the bridging cohort, 51.2% of patients could be successfully bridged with pola to the intended CAR T-cell therapy. The combination of pola bridging and successful CAR T-cell therapy resulted in a 6-month OS of 77.9% calculated from pola initiation. Pola vedotin-rituximab without a chemotherapy backbone demonstrated encouraging overall response rates up to 40%, highlighting both an appropriate alternative for patients unsuitable for chemotherapy and a new treatment option for bridging before leukapheresis in patients intended for CAR T-cell therapy. Furthermore, 7 of 12 patients with previous failure of CAR T-cell therapy responded to a pola-containing regimen. These findings suggest that pola may serve as effective salvage and bridging treatment of r/r LBCL patients.
Introduction: Clinically complex patients often require multiple medications. Polypharmacy is associated with inappropriate prescriptions, which may lead to negative outcomes. Few effective tools are available to help physicians optimise patient medication. This study assesses whether an electronic medication management support system (eMMa) reduces hospitalisation and mortality and improves prescription quality/safety in patients with polypharmacy. Methods and analysis: Planned design: pragmatic, parallel cluster-randomised controlled trial; general practices as randomisation unit; patients as analysis unit. As practice recruitment was poor, we included additional data to our primary endpoint analysis for practices and quarters from October 2017 to March 2021. Since randomisation was performed in waves, final study design corresponds to a stepped-wedge design with open cohort and step-length of one quarter. Scope: general practices, Westphalia-Lippe (Germany), caring for BARMER health fund-covered patients. Population: patients (≥18 years) with polypharmacy (≥5 prescriptions). Sample size: initially, 32 patients from each of 539 practices were required for each study arm (17 200 patients/arm), but only 688 practices were randomised after 2 years of recruitment. Design change ensures that 80% power is nonetheless achieved. Intervention: complex intervention eMMa. Follow-up: at least five quarters/cluster (practice). recruitment: practices recruited/randomised at different times; after follow-up, control group practices may access eMMa. Outcomes: primary endpoint is all-cause mortality and hospitalisation; secondary endpoints are number of potentially inappropriate medications, cause-specific hospitalisation preceded by high-risk prescribing and medication underuse. Statistical analysis: primary and secondary outcomes are measured quarterly at patient level. A generalised linear mixed-effect model and repeated patient measurements are used to consider patient clusters within practices. Time and intervention group are considered fixed factors; variation between practices and patients is fitted as random effects. Intention-to-treat principle is used to analyse primary and key secondary endpoints.
There is limited knowledge on the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in dialysis patients. We have investigated the association between diabetes mellitus and lipid-related biomarkers and retinopathy in hemodialysis patients. We reviewed 1,255 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who participated in the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study (4D Study). Associations between categorical clinical, biochemical variables and diabetic retinopathy were examined by logistic regression. On average, patients were 66 ± 8 years of age, 54% were male and the HbA1c was 6.7% ± 1.3%. DR, found in 71% of the patients, was significantly and positively associated with fasting glucose, HbA1c, time on dialysis, age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and the prevalence of other microvascular diseases (e.g. neuropathy). Unexpectedly, DR was associated with high HDL cholesterol and high apolipoproteins AI and AII. Patients with coronary artery disease were less likely to have DR. DR was not associated with gender, smoking, diastolic blood pressure, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. In summary, the prevalence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus requiring hemodialysis is higher than in patients suffering from T2DM, who do not receive hemodialysis. DR was positively related to systolic blood pressure (BP), glucometabolic control, and, paradoxically, HDL cholesterol. This data suggests that glucose and blood pressure control may delay the development of DR in patients with diabetes mellitus on dialysis.
Background: Chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex disease with rising prevalence, compromised quality of life (QoL), unplanned hospital admissions, high mortality and therefore high burden of illness. The delivery of care for these patients has been criticized and new strategies addressing crucial domains of care have been shown to be effective on patients' health outcomes, although these trials were conducted in secondary care or in highly organised Health Maintenance Organisations. It remains unclear whether a comprehensive primary care-based case management for the treating general practitioner (GP) can improve patients' QoL. Methods/Design: HICMan is a randomised controlled trial with patients as the unit of randomisation. Aim is to evaluate a structured, standardized and comprehensive complex intervention for patients with CHF in a 12-months follow-up trial. Patients from intervention group receive specific patient leaflets and documentation booklets as well as regular monitoring and screening by a prior trained practice nurse, who gives feedback to the GP upon urgency. Monitoring and screening address aspects of disease-specific selfmanagement, (non)pharmacological adherence and psychosomatic and geriatric comorbidity. GPs are invited to provide a tailored structured counselling 4 times during the trial and receive an additional feedback on pharmacotherapy relevant to prognosis (data of baseline documentation). Patients from control group receive usual care by their GPs, who were introduced to guidelineoriented management and a tailored health counselling concept. Main outcome measurement for patients' QoL is the scale physical functioning of the SF-36 health questionnaire in a 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes are the disease specific QoL measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy questionnaire (KCCQ), depression and anxiety disorders (PHQ-9, GAD-7), adherence (EHFScBS and SANA), quality of care measured by an adapted version of the Patient Chronic Illness Assessment of Care questionnaire (PACIC) and NTproBNP. In addition, comprehensive clinical data are collected about health status, comorbidity, medication and health care utilisation. Discussion: As the targeted patient group is mostly cared for and treated by GPs, a comprehensive primary care-based guideline implementation including somatic, psychosomatic and organisational aspects of the delivery of care (HICMAn) is a promising intervention applying proven strategies for optimal care. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN30822978.
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Situation in der „offenen Drogenszene“ in Frankfurt am Main unter zwei Aspekten: zum einen im Hinblick auf die Veränderungen, die sich in zentralen Inhaltsbereichen wie der sozialen und gesundheitlichen Situation, dem Substanzkonsum und der Inanspruchnahme des Hilfesystems in den letzten Jahren gezeigt haben, zum zweiten im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Situation, wie sie sich in der „offenen Drogenszene“ Mitte des Jahres 2004 auf Grundlage der hier vorliegenden Daten darstellt.
Studie über die Bedürfnisse und Einstellungen der Patienten bezüglich „Ästhetischer Zahnheilkunde“
(2005)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Einstellungen und Bedürfnisse der Patienten bezüglich „Ästhetischer Zahnheilkunde“ untersucht. Die grundlegenden Gesichtspunkte der „Ästhetischen Zahnheilkunde“ sowie deren Bedeutung in der Zahnmedizin wurden eingehend dargestellt. Durch diese Darstellung wurden die Ergebnisse der bisherigen Forschung auf diesem relativ neuen Gebiet der Zahnmedizin, aber auch einige ihr innewohnenden Mängel, deutlich. Vor allem ergab sich die Notwendigkeit, die Einstellungen und Bedürfnisse der Patienten anhand individueller definierter sowie stärker patientenbezogener Kriterien zu untersuchen. Vor der Untersuchung wurde mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens ermittelt, welche Einstellung der Patient bezüglich seiner Zähne hat (ohne und mit Spiegel). Im Anschluß an die Befragung wurde der Patient gebeten, kurz seinen Eindruck hinsichtlich „Ästhetischer Zahnheilkunde“ zu schildern. Des weiteren mußte sich der Teilnehmer einer Untersuchung unterziehen, in der der Behandler den Patienten unter ästhetischen Gesichtspunkten beurteilte. Das Maß der Übereinstimmungen zwischen Patienten- und Behandlerantworten diente als Indikator, inwieweit die Kommunikation bezüglich ästhetischer Zahnheilkunde geglückt ist. Insgesamt wurden für unsere Untersuchung 100 Patienten befragt. Die Befragung fand in der Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung an der Universitätszahnklinik in Frankfurt am Main statt. Bei der quantitativen und qualitativen Auswertung der Fragebögen konnte ein genaues Bild des Patienten hinsichtlich seiner Einstellungen und Bedürfnisse im Bezug auf die „Ästhetische Zahnheilkunde“ gewonnen werden. Es wurden individuell sehr verschiedene Ausprägungen einzelner Merkmale deutlich (insbesondere bei der Einstellung bezüglich des Aussehens der Zähne, der Stellung, der Form, der Farbe und des Lachens). Zusammenfassend konnte man folgende Ergebnisse feststellen: Bei der Befragung mittels Fragebogen (ohne und mit Spiegel) waren mehr als die Hälfte der Patienten mit dem Aussehen ihrer Zähne zufrieden (68%; Frage 5) und zeigten diese auch gerne beim Lachen (86%; Frage 6). Viele stellten im Laufe ihres Lebens eine Farbveränderung an ihren Zähnen fest (72%; Frage 11). Vierundsechzig % (Frage 14) sind mit dieser Farbe nicht zufrieden. Das zeigt, daß Schönheit (insbesondere hellere Zähne) eine entscheidende Rolle in unserem Leben spielt. Die Vielzahl der Patienten achtet auf ihr Äußeres (96%; Frage 46) und gibt monatlich etwa 50 - 75 DM (51,13 –76,18 Euro) für Kleidung (69%; Frage 48), bis zu 49 DM (25,05 Euro) für Kosmetika (49%; Frage 49) und jährlich etwa 101- 200 DM (51,64 – 102,26 Euro) für den Friseur (75%; Frage 50) aus. Neunundachtzig % sind auch bereit, in einem angemessenen Rahmen (89%; Frage 57), eine finanzielle Eigenleistung für eine ästhetische Versorgung zu erbringen. 36% würden mehr als 999 DM, bzw. 510,78 Euro (Frage 56), zuzahlen. Zwar sind 90% der Patienten mit ihren Zähnen zufrieden (Frage 57), aber immerhin 61% der Befragten suchen nach Vorbildern in den Zeitschriften, deren schönes Lächeln sie auch gerne hätten (Frage 60). Der Wunsch nach weißeren Zähnen liegt sogar bei 97% (Frage 61). Dennoch kannten lediglich 14% den Begriff „Bleaching“ (Frage 62) und wurden bei ihren Zahnarzt hinsichtlich kosmetischer Zahnheilkunde beraten (9%; Frage 66). 99% würden sich aber eine solche Beratung wünschen (Frage 67). Somit lautet die eindeutige Forderung des Patienten an den Behandler nach mehr Aufklärung bezüglich „Ästhetischer Zahnheilkunde“. Da die Patienten meist mit individuellen, variablen Bedürfnissen zur Behandlung kommen, werden die Anforderungen teilweise ganz konkret an den Behandler gestellt (z.B. die Erklärung von verschiedenen Behandlungsmethoden nach ästhetischen Gesichtspunkten). Ästhetik muss demnach ein wichtiges Element in der Beratung des Patienten darstellen. Berücksichtigen sollte man aber, daß beide Seiten einen divergenten Blickpunkt in der Bewertung von Schönheit und Ästhetik haben. Diese Studie zeigte, daß sich die subjektive Patientensicht von der objektiven Behandlersicht stark unterscheidet. Oft ergaben sich Schwierigkeiten seitens des Behandlers, seinen Patienten präzise einzuschätzen. Daher kommt die Studie zu dem Schluß, daß die Einstellungen und Bedürfnisse der Patienten im Vorfeld sehr schwierig zu beurteilen sind. Das zeigte sich deutlich in der Auswertung der Korrelationen, insbesondere unter Punkt 3.2.2.3 (Korrelationen zwischen korrespondierenden Patienten- und Behandlerantworten). Hier zeigte sich, daß die Antworttendenz zwischen Patient und Behandler stark schwankte und, daß eine Einschätzung des Behandlers im Bezug auf die Einstellungen des Patienten nicht möglich war. Auch bei den nicht-korrespondierenden Behandlerantworten (Punkt 3.2.2.4) gab unsere Analyse wenig Auskunft darüber, ob der Behandler bestimmte Patiententypen ermitteln konnte, die Kandidaten für die „Ästhetische Zahnheilkunde“ wären. Die schwachen Korrelationen zeigten, daß eine Voreinschätzung des Patienten nicht stattfinden kann, hier ist ein persönliches Gespräch gefordert. Immerhin antworteten 61% unserer Patienten bei der qualitativen Befragung (Punkt 3.3), daß sie sich für dieses Gebiet der Zahnheilkunde interessieren. Die abschließende Forderung lautet, daß es Ziel eines jeden Behandlers sein sollte, die ästhetischen Wünsche und Bedürfnisse seiner Patienten genau zu erkennen und darauf einzugehen.
The consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic for mental health remain unclear, especially regarding the effects on suicidal behaviors. To assess changes in the pattern of suicide attempt (SA) admissions and completed suicides (CS) in association with the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a longitudinal study, SA admissions and CS are systematically documented and analyzed in all psychiatric hospitals in Frankfurt/Main (765.000 inhabitants). Number, sociodemographic factors, diagnoses and methods of SA and CS were compared between the periods of March–December 2019 and March–December 2020. The number of CS did not change, while the number of SA significantly decreased. Age, sex, occupational status, and psychiatric diagnoses did not change in SA, whereas the percentage of patients living alone while attempting suicide increased. The rate and number of intoxications as a SA method increased and more people attempted suicide in their own home, which was not observed in CS. Such a shift from public places to home is supported by the weekday of SA, as the rate of SA on weekends was significantly lower during the pandemic, likely because of lockdown measures. Only admissions to psychiatric hospitals were recorded, but not to other institutions. As it seems unlikely that the number of SA decreased while the number of CS remained unchanged, it is conceivable that the number of unreported SA cases increased during the pandemic. Our data suggest that a higher number of SA remained unnoticed during the pandemic because of their location and the use of methods associated with lower lethality.
Background: To investigate patients’ perspectives on polypharmacy and the use of a digital decision support system to assist general practitioners (GPs) in performing medication reviews. Methods: Qualitative interviews with patients or informal caregivers recruited from participants in a cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial (cRCT). The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: We conducted 13 interviews and identified the following seven themes: the patients successfully integrated medication use in their everyday lives, used medication plans, had both good and bad personal experiences with their drugs, regarded their healthcare providers as the main source of medication-related information, discussed medication changes with their GPs, had trusting relationships with them, and viewed the use of digital decision support tools for medication reviews positively. No unwanted adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: Despite drug-related problems, patients appeared to cope well with their medications. They also trusted their GPs, despite acknowledging polypharmacy to be a complex field for them. The use of a digital support system was appreciated and linked to the hope that reasons for selecting specific medication regimens would become more comprehensible. Further research with a more diverse sampling might add more patient perspectives.