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The ALICE Zero Degree Calorimeter system (ZDC) is composed of two identical sets of calorimeters, placed at opposite sides with respect to the interaction point, 114 meters away from it, complemented by two small forward electromagnetic calorimeters (ZEM). Each set of detectors consists of a neutron (ZN) and a proton (ZP) ZDC. They are placed at zero degrees with respect to the LHC axis and allow to detect particles emitted close to beam direction, in particular neutrons and protons emerging from hadronic heavy-ion collisions (spectator nucleons) and those emitted from electromagnetic processes. For neutrons emitted by these two processes, the ZN calorimeters have nearly 100% acceptance.
During the √sNN = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb data-taking, the ALICE Collaboration studied forward neutron emission with a dedicated trigger, requiring a minimum energy deposition in at least one of the two ZN. By exploiting also the information of the two ZEM calorimeters it has been possible to separate the contributions of electromagnetic and hadronic processes and to study single neutron vs. multiple neutron emission.
The measured cross sections of single and mutual electromagnetic dissociation of Pb nuclei at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, with neutron emission, are σsingle EMD = 187:4 ± 0.2 (stat.)−11.2+13.2 (syst.) b and σmutual EMD = 5.7 ± 0.1 (stat.) ±0.4 (syst.) b, respectively [1]. This is the first measurement of electromagnetic dissociation of 208Pb nuclei at the LHC energies, allowing a test of electromagnetic dissociation theory in a new energy regime. The experimental results are compared to the predictions from a relativistic electromagnetic dissociation model.
Aus mehreren Datenquellen wurde ein neuer globaler Niederschlagsdatensatz für die Zeit 1951-2000 generiert, der unter der Bedingung einer Mindestverfügbarkeit von 90 % genau 9.343 Stationen umfasst. Die betreffenden Zeitreihen wurden einer umfassenden Qualitätskontrolle unterzogen, was zu äußerst zahlreichen Korrekturen führte, einschließlich Tests auf Ausreißer und Homogenität sowie Homogenisierung. Daraus entstand ein Gitterpunktdatensatz in 0,5° x 0,5°- Auflösung, was für die Landgebiete (ausgenommen Grönland und Antarktis) rund 71.000 Gitterpunkte ergibt, und über INTERNET frei verfügbar bereitgestellt. Davon ausgehend und unter Nutzung weiterer vorliegender Datensätze, insbesondere der Temperatur, wurden zunächst einige grundlegende Untersuchungen zur globalen und regionalen Klima- und Niederschlagsvariabilität durchgeführt. Diese Arbeiten umfassten Analysen der Veränderungen des global gemittelten Niederschlages und potentieller Einflussgrößen, die Neuberechnung der globalen Klimaklassifikation nach Köppen, Untersuchungen zur raumzeitlichen Struktur von Niederschlagsänderungen global sowie speziell in Afrika und schließlich Analysen der raumzeitlichen Beziehungen zwischen großräumiger atmosphärischer Zirkulation und Niederschlag im nordatlantisch-europäischen Bereich. Für weitergehende statistische Analysen wurde eine neue Methode der vollständigen Zeitreihenmodellierung entwickelt, um die die in diesen Reihen enthaltenen signifikanten Variationskomponenten durch Regressionstechniken zu erfassen und in ihrem raumzeitlichen Verhalten darzustellen. Dabei lag ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeiten auf der Extremwertanalyse, die es nun gestattet, unabhängig vom Verteilungstyp für beliebige Schwellenwerte den zeitlichen Verlauf der Unter- sowie Überschreitungswahrscheinlichkeit anzugeben und somit zu erkennen, inwieweit das Klima extremer geworden ist. Dabei zeigte sich je nach Region die Gumbel- oder die Weibull-Verteilung als geeignet. Regionale Schwerpunkte waren dabei u.a. Deutschland bzw. Europa, auch hinsichtlich der Erstellung neuer Klimatrendkarten nach der üblichen linearen Methode (der kleinsten Quadrate) sowie der innovativen. Weiterhin wurden nach der innovativen Methode Klimamodelldaten des Hamburger Max-Planck-Instituts für Meteorologie (IPCC Szenario A2) hinsichtlich des Niederschlag-Extremverhaltens in Europa untersucht. Schließlich erfolgte eine Abschätzung der Wiederkehrzeiten täglicher Extremniederschläge in Deutschland und deren Unsicherheit.
Contribution of awareness information in virtual communities – the case of a financial institution
(2012)
IN DISTRIBUTED WORK ENVIRONMENTS, IT IS A CHALLENGING ISSUE FOR ORGANIZATIONS TO SUPPORT THEIR EMPLOYEES IN STAYING AWARE OF ALL IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS IN THEIR WORK ENVIRONMENT. ACCORDINGLY, IN THIS STUDY WE DEVELOP AND EMPICALLY TEST A CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE INDIVIDUALS’ CONTRIBUTION BEHAVIOR OF AWARENESS INFORMATION. WE PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT THE CREATION OF SITUATION AWARENESS.
IN DISTRIBUTED WORK ENVIRONMENTS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR ORGANIZATIONS TO IMPLEMENT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ENABLING EFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BETWEEN THEIR EMPLOYEES. IN A STUDY, WE THEREFORE DEVELOP AND EMPIRICALLY TEST A CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER QUALITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA ENABLED ELECTRONIC NETWORKS OF PRACTICE. ACCORDINGLY, THE FINDINGS PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT THE TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN PHYSICALLY DISTRIBUTED CO-WORKERS.
Background: Deep surgical site infections (dSSIs) after instrumented spinal surgery pose major therapeutic challenges. Standard treatment involves surgical debridement, wound drainage, and long-term antibiotic administration. Autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) constitutes a biomaterial obtained from patients’ own blood that contains leukocytes, chemokines and growth factors boosting cicatrization. Due to favorable results reported from other surgical disciplines such as dentistry, orthopedics, maxillofacial and plastic surgery using PRF, the authors hypothesized that PRF augmentation will promote wound healing in dSSIs. Objective: To report our preliminary results on the safety and efficacy of autologous-PRF as an add-on therapy on a pilot case series of persistent dSSI after instrumented spinal surgery. Methods: Among the 293 patients who underwent dorsal decompression and stabilization of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine due to degenerative diseases in our department, 12 patients (4%) presented persisting dSSI after standard wound debridement and antibiotic treatment. PRF augmentation was used during a second surgical revision as an add-on therapy to standard debridement. In all cases, the wound was primarily closed without drains. Results: Wound healing was completed between 14 and 21 days after the second surgical revision in all patients. At a median follow-up of 8 months (range: 6 to 18 months), no recurrence of dSSI nor complications were encountered in any case. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that PRF augmentation in persistent dSSI after instrumented spinal surgery appears to be a safe and effective strategy to promote wound healing. Prospective controlled studies are required to define the efficiency of PRF more clearly in both treating and preventing dSSI.
The toxicity of microplastics on Daphnia magna as key model for freshwater zooplankton is well described. While several studies predict population-level effects based on short-term, individual-level responses, only very few have validated these predictions experimentally. Thus, we exposed D. magna populations to irregular polystyrene microplastics and diatomite as natural particle (both ≤63 µm) over 50 days. We used mixtures of both particle types at fixed particle concentrations (50,000 mL-1) and recorded the overall population density, the size of the individual animals, and resting egg production. Particle exposure adversely affected the population density and structure and induced resting egg production. The terminal population size was 31–42% lower in exposed compared to control populations. Interestingly, mixtures containing diatomite induced stronger effects than microplastics alone highlighting that natural particles are not per se less toxic than microplastics. Our results demonstrate that an exposure to synthetic and natural particles has negative population-level effects on zooplankton. Understanding the mixture toxicity of microplastics and natural particles is important given that aquatic organisms will experience exposure to both. Just as for chemical pollutants, better knowledge of such joint effects is essential to fully understand the environmental risks of complex particle mixtures.
Environmental Implications While microplastics are commonly considered hazardous based on individual-level effects, there is a dearth of information on how they affect populations. Since the latter is key for understanding the environmental impacts of microplastics, we investigated how particle exposures affect the population size and structure of Daphnia magna. In addition, we used mixtures of microplastics and natural particles because neither occurs alone in nature and joint effects can expected in an environmentally realistic scenario. We show that such mixtures adversely affect daphnid populations and highlight that population-level and mixture-toxicity designs are one important step towards more environmental realism in microplastics research.
The toxicity of microplastics on Daphnia magna as a key model for freshwater zooplankton is well described. While several studies predict population-level effects based on short-term, individual-level responses, only very few have validated these predictions experimentally. Thus, we exposed D. magna populations to irregular polystyrene microplastics and diatomite as natural particle (both ≤ 63 μm) over 50 days. We used mixtures of both particle types at fixed particle concentrations (50,000 mL-1) and recorded the effects on overall population size and structure, the size of the individual animals, and resting egg production. Particle exposure adversely affected the population density and structure, and induced resting egg production. The terminal population size was 28–42% lower in exposed compared to control populations. Interestingly, mixtures containing diatomite induced stronger effects than microplastics alone, highlighting that natural particles are not per se less toxic than microplastics. Our results demonstrate that an exposure to synthetic and natural particles has negative population-level effects on zooplankton. Understanding the mixture toxicity of microplastics and natural particles is important given that aquatic organisms will experience exposure to both. Just as for chemical pollutants, better knowledge of such joint effects is essential to fully understand the environmental impacts of complex particle mixtures.
Environmental Implications While microplastics are commonly considered hazardous based on individual-level effects, there is a dearth of information on how they affect populations. Since the latter is key for understanding the environmental impacts of microplastics, we investigated how particle exposures affect the population size and structure of Daphnia magna. In addition, we used mixtures of microplastics and natural particles because neither occurs alone in nature and joint effects can be expected in an environmentally realistic scenario. We show that such mixtures adversely affect daphnid populations and highlight that population-level and mixture-toxicity designs are one important step towards more environmental realism in microplastics research.
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.