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The German Cancer Consortium ('Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung', DKTK) is a long-term cancer consortium, bringing together the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany's largest life science research center, and the leading University Medical Center-based Comprehensive Cancer Centers (CCCs) at seven sites across Germany. DKTK was founded in 2012 following international peer review and has positioned itself since then as the leading network for translational cancer research in Germany. DKTK is long term funded by the German Ministry of Research and Education and the federal states of each DKTK partner site. DKTK acts at the interface between basic and clinical cancer research, one major focus being to generate suitable multisite cooperation structures and provide the basis for including higher numbers of patients and facilitate effective collaborative forward and reverse translational cancer research. The consortium addresses areas of high scientific and medical relevance and develops critical infrastructures, for example, for omics technologies, clinical and research big data exchange and analysis, imaging, and clinical grade drug manufacturing. Moreover, DKTK provides a very attractive environment for interdisciplinary and interinstitutional training and career development for clinician and medical scientists.
Protection against pathogens is a major function of the gut microbiota. Although bacterial natural products have emerged as crucial components of host-microbiota interactions, their exact role in microbiota-mediated protection is largely unexplored. We addressed this knowledge gap with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its microbiota isolate Pseudomonas fluorescens MYb115 that is known to protect against Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) infection. We find that MYb115-mediated protection depends on sphingolipids that are derived from an iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS), thereby describing a noncanonical pathway of bacterial sphingolipid production. We provide evidence that MYb115-derived sphingolipids affect C. elegans tolerance to Bt infection by altering host sphingolipid metabolism. This work establishes sphingolipids as structural outputs of bacterial PKS and highlights the role of microbiota-derived sphingolipids in host protection against pathogens.
Context information supports serial dependence of multiple visual objects across memory episodes
(2019)
Visual perception operates in an object-based manner, by integrating associated features via attention. Working memory allows a flexible access to a limited number of currently relevant objects, even when they are occluded or physically no longer present. Recently, it has been shown that we compensate for small changes of an object’s feature over memory episodes, which can support its perceptual stability. This phenomenon was termed ‘serial dependence’ and has mostly been studied in situations that comprised only a single relevant object. However, since we are typically confronted with situations where several objects have to be perceived and held in working memory, the central question of how we selectively create temporal stability of several objects has remained unsolved. As different objects can be distinguished by their accompanying context features, like their color or temporal position, we tested whether serial dependence is supported by the congruence of context features across memory episodes. Specifically, we asked participants to remember the motion directions of two sequentially presented colored dot fields per trial. At the end of a trial one motion direction was cued for continuous report either by its color (Experiment 1) or serial position (Experiment 2). We observed serial dependence, i.e., an attractive bias of currently toward previously memorized objects, between current and past motion directions that was clearly enhanced when items had the same color or serial position across trials. This bias was particularly pronounced for the context feature that was used for cueing and for the target of the previous trial. Together, these findings demonstrate that coding of current object representations depends on previous representations, especially when they share similar content and context features. Apparently the binding of content and context features is not completely erased after a memory episode, but it is carried over to subsequent episodes. As this reflects temporal dependencies in natural settings, the present findings reveal a mechanism that integrates corresponding bundles of content and context features to support stable representations of individualized objects over time.