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The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
Einsatz entomopathogener Pilze gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi : erste Feldresultate
(2008)
Die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) ist der wichtigste Schädling im Süßkirschenanbau in Europa. Bei unbehandelten Bäumen können bis zu 100% der Kirschen Madenbefall aufweisen. Da Handel und Verbraucher nur einen Befall von maximal 2% tolerieren, sind effiziente Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen gefragt. Der bisher verwendete Wirkstoff Dimethoate könnte im Zuge der Re-Evaluation von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der EU seine Zulassung verlieren. Danach stünde die gesamte Kirschenproduktion in Europa vor der gleichen Situation wie derzeit der ökologische Landbau: eine Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege wäre nur noch über Leimfallen oder durch den Einsatz von Netzen möglich. Beide Methoden sind sehr arbeitsintensiv und oft nicht ausreichend wirksam. Im Labor wurden mehrere Pilzstämme gegen verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien der Kirschfruchtfliege geprüft, mit dem Ergebnis, dass nur adulte Fliegen befallen werden. Dabei zeigten die Pilze Beauveria bassiana und Paecilomyces fumosoroseus die beste Wirkung. Diese beiden Pilze, die bereits in kommerziellen Produkten formuliert sind, wurden 2006 in zwei Feldversuchen gegen adulte Kirschfruchtfliegen appliziert.
Die Kirschfruchtfliege Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) ist der wichtigste Schädling im Süßkirschenanbau in Europa. Bei unbehandelten Bäumen können bis zu 100% der Kirschen Madenbefall aufweisen. Da Handel und Verbraucher nur einen Befall von maximal 2% tolerieren, sind effiziente Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen gefragt. Der bisher verwendete Wirkstoff Dimethoate könnte im Zuge der Re-Evaluation von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der EU seine Zulassung verlieren. Danach stünde die gesamte Kirschenproduktion in Europa vor der gleichen Situation wie derzeit der biologische Landbau: eine Regulierung der Kirschfruchtfliege wäre nur noch über Leimfallen oder durch den Einsatz von Netzen möglich. Beide Methoden sind sehr arbeitsintensiv und oft nicht ausreichend wirksam. Der Einsatz von Mikroorganismen als Biocontrol-Maßnahme könnte eine Alternative darstellen. Die Verwendung von entomopathogenen Pilzen zur Bekämpfung von Tephritiden wurde in den letzten Jahren von mehreren Autoren beschrieben (Anagnou-Veroniki et al., 2005; Ekesi et al., 2005; Konstantopoulou & Mazomenos, 2005; Yee & Lacey, 2005), wobei bisher noch keine Erfahrungen zu R. cerasi vorliegen. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Beurteilung verschiedener Pilzstämme (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) hinsichtlich ihrer Pathogenität und Virulenz gegen die Kirschfruchtfliege.
Der Gemeine Birnenblattsauger, Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), ist ein wichtiger Schädling in der Birnenproduktion. Ende Februar beginnen die überwinternden Adulten mit der Eiablage. Zu Schäden, wie Ertragsverlusten und Fruchtverschmutzungen durch Honigtau, kommt es jedoch erst durch die zahlreichen Nymphen der dritten Generation. Die Bekämpfung erfolgt meist mit Insektizidbehandlungen gegen die Nymphen der ersten drei Generationen (BOVEY et al. 1979). Im ökologischen Anbau wird Rotenon eingesetzt, während für die integrierte Produktion verschiedene Mittel zur Verfügung stehen. Ein Nachteil dieser Insektizide sind die Nebenwirkungen auf nützliche Insekten, vor allem auf die spezialisierten Feinde (Anthocoris spp.) von C. pyri (HIGBEE & UNRUH 1994). Mit der “processed-kaolin particle film technology” (Produkt: Surround® WP, Engelhard Corporation) steht nun eine neue Bekämpfungsmöglichkeit zur Verfügung. Das Tonmineral Kaolin wurde im Obstbau ursprünglich zur Verhinderung von Sonnenbrand auf den Früchten eingesetzt (GLENN et al. 2002), wobei jedoch schnell festgestellt wurde, dass die Applikationen eine Wirkung gegen Insekten, wie Blattläuse (COTTRELL et al. 2002, WYSS & DANIEL 2004) oder C. pyri (PASQUALINI et al. 2002, PUTERKA et al. 2000, GLENN et al. 1999) haben. Da Kaolin die Insekten nicht tötet, sondern ausschließlich als physikalische Barriere bzw. repellent wirkt, sind die Nebenwirkungen auf nützliche Insekten gering. Das amerikanische Umweltministerium (EPA) stuft Kaolin als unschädlich für Nichtziel-Organismen ein (ANONYMUS 1999). Daher stellt Kaolin eine umweltfreundliche und nützlingsschonende Alternative zu den gegenwärtig verwendeten Insektiziden dar. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Wirkung von Kaolin auf C. pyri zu evaluieren und die verschiedenen Einsatzstrategien mit den herkömmlichen Bekämpfungsverfahren zu vergleichen, um eine alternative Bekämpfungsstrategie zu entwickeln.
New results from the energy scan programme of NA49, in particular kaon production at 30 AGeV and phi production at 40 and 80 AGeV are presented. The K+/pi+ ratio shows a pronounced maximum at 30 AGeV; the kaon slope parameters are constant at SPS energies. Both findings support the scenario of a phase transition at about 30 AGeV beam energy. The phi/pi ratio increases smoothly with beam energy, showing an energy dependence similar to K-/pi-. The measured particle yields can be reproduced by a hadron gas model, with chemical freeze-out parameters on a smooth curve in the T-muB plane. The transverse spectra can be understood as resulting from a rapidly expanding, locally equilibrated source. No evidence for an earlier kinetic decoupling of heavy hyperons is found.
Results are presented from a search for the decays D0 -> K min pi plus and D0 bar -> K plus pi min in a sample of 3.8x10^6 central Pb-Pb events collected with a beam energy of 158A GeV by NA49 at the CERN SPS. No signal is observed. An upper limit on D0 production is derived and compared to predictions from several models.
Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV
(2003)
Directed and elliptic flow measurements for charged pions and protons are reported as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality for 40 and 158A GeV Pb + Pb collisions as recorded by the NA49 detector. Both the standard method of correlating particles with an event plane, and the cumulant method of studying multiparticle correlations are used. In the standard method the directed flow is corrected for conservation of momentum. In the cumulant method elliptic flow is reconstructed from genuine 4, 6, and 8-particle correlations, showing the first unequivocal evidence for collective motion in A+A collisions at SPS energies.