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Two different single particle mass spectrometers were operated in parallel at the Swiss High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580 m a.s.l.) during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 6) in February and March 2007. During mixed phase cloud events ice crystals from 5–20 micro m were separated from larger ice aggregates, non-activated, interstitial aerosol particles and supercooled droplets using an Ice-Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI). During one cloud period supercooled droplets were additionally sampled and analyzed by changing the Ice-CVI setup. The small ice particles and droplets were evaporated by injection into dry air inside the Ice-CVI. The resulting ice and droplet residues (IR and DR) were analyzed for size and composition by the two single particle mass spectrometers: a custom-built Single Particle Laser-Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (SPLAT) and a commercial Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS, TSI Model 3800). During CLACE 6 the SPLAT instrument characterized 355 individual IR that produced a mass spectrum for at least one polarity and the ATOFMS measured 152 IR. The mass spectra were binned in classes, based on the combination of dominating substances, such as mineral dust, sulfate, potassium and elemental carbon or organic material. The derived chemical information from the ice residues is compared to the JFJ ambient aerosol that was sampled while the measurement station was out of clouds (several thousand particles analyzed by SPLAT and ATOFMS) and to the composition of the residues of supercooled cloud droplets (SPLAT: 162 cloud droplet residues analyzed, ATOFMS: 1094). The measurements showed that mineral dust was strongly enhanced in the ice particle residues. Close to all of the SPLAT spectra from ice residues did contain signatures from mineral compounds, albeit connected with varying amounts of soluble compounds. Similarly, close to all of the ATOFMS IR spectra show a mineral or metallic component. Pure sulfate and nitrate containing particles were depleted in the ice residues. Sulfate and nitrate was found to dominate the droplet residues (~90% of the particles). The results from the two different single particle mass spectrometers were generally in agreement. Differences in the results originate from several causes, such as the different wavelength of the desorption and ionisation lasers and different size-dependent particle detection efficiencies.
Polytraumatisierte Patienten erleiden in ca. 40% der Fälle eine Verletzung des Thorax. Die Verletzung des Thorax erhöht die Dauer der Beatmungszeit, das Pneumonie-Risiko, die Intensiv- und Krankenhausverweildauer sowie das Letalitätsrisiko. Seit 2003 wurde im Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main ein standardisiertes Behandlungsverfahren zur intensivmedizinischen Behandlung nach Polytrauma implementiert und weiterentwickelt. Eckpunkte des Konzeptes sind eine kinetische Therapie im Rotorest®Bett, eine initiale Beatmung mit einem PEEP von 15mbar, eine frühzeitige assistierte Spontanatmung und frühzeitige enterale Ernährung. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Auswirkungen der Weiterentwicklung des Behandlungsprotokolls, insbesondere die Auswirkungen der Ernährung und Sedierung auf die Leberfunktion und die Entwicklung einer Pneumonie, untersucht. Das Behandlungsprotokoll sah folgende Behandlungsstandards vor: 2003: Kontrollierte Beatmung und Therapie im Rotorest®Bett in den ersten Tagen, PEEP-Einstellung entsprechend der Oxygenierung, individuelle Entwöhnung von der Beatmung und der Rotorest®-Therapie. Der Kostaufbau überwiegend parenteral, Sedierung mit Propofol und Midazolam. 2006: 72h Beatmung mit einem PEEP von 15mbar, Rotorest®-Bett, zügige assistierte Beatmungsform. Individuelle Entwöhnung von der Beatmung und der Rotorest®-Therapie, der Kostaufbau parenteral und enteral, Sedierung überwiegend mit Midazolam. 2009: Reduktion der Rotorest®-Therapie mit einem PEEP von 15mbar auf 40 bis 48h, PEEP-Reduktionsprotokoll. Der Kostaufbau erfolgte primär enteral, die Sedierung mit vorwiegend Propofol und z. T. Midazolam.
Es konnten retrospektiv 108 Patienten (ISS 37+13) eingeschlossen werden. Bei 38,3% der Patienten lagen unvollständige Akten vor, oder die Rotorest® Therapie wurde erst nach 48h begonnen. Durch das Konzept konnten die Beatmungszeit von 17±15 auf 8±8 Tage und die intensivstationäre Verweildauer von 17±9 auf 10±9 Tage signifikant reduziert werden (p<0,001), die Krankenhausverweildauer blieb gleich. Die Pneumonierate fiel nicht signifikant von 25% in 2003 nach einem Anstieg auf 37% in 2006 auf 17% in 2009. Das Pneumonierisiko stieg mit der Höhe der aufgenommenen kcal/kgKG, der Gesamt-kcal/d bis Tag 7 sowie der Summe der kcal bis Tag 5 signifikant (p<0,05). Eine Leberdysfunktion erhöhte das Letalitätsrisiko signifikant (Rs 0,267; p<0,01). Die Rate an Leberdysfunktionen binnen der ersten 14 Tage fiel von 34,7% in 2003 nach einem Anstieg auf 43,4% im Jahr 2006 auf 22,1% in 2009 (p<0,001). Eine Leberdysfunktion korrelierte, bei Auftreten bis Tag 7, sowohl mit einer überwiegend parenteralen Ernährung bis Tag 5 (p=0,021) als auch der Höhe der parenteralen kcal (Rs 0,248; p=0,02) und der Höhe der Gesamt-kcal (Rs 0,201; p=0,038). Der Anteil an Patienten mit parenteraler Ernährung konnte von 92,2% (bis Tag 5) in 2003 und 97,5% in 2006 auf 65% in 2009 signifikant reduziert werden, ebenso wie die Gesamtmenge an verabreichten Kalorien bis Tag 7 (von 1210kcal/d auf 1113kcal/d und 2009 auf 851kcal/d; p<0,001). Keine Korrelation bestand zwischen der Entstehung einer Leberdysfunktion und der Beatmung, der Höhe des PEEP oder der Entwicklung einer Pneumonie. Im Gegensatz dazu erhöhte die verabreichte Menge von Midazolam in den ersten 7 Tagen (mg/kg/d) das Pneumonie-Risiko signifikant (p=0,024). Als unabhängige Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung einer Pneumonie stellten sich die Transfusion von EKs (OR 3,646 95%CI 1,074-12,383), die Höhe der verabreichten Gesamtkalorien (>5000kcal) binnen der ersten fünf Tage (OR 3,219 95%Cl 1,033-10,034) und die Höhe des Beatmungsspitzendruckes (OR 1,135 95%Cl 1,010-1,275) dar.
Die Daten der vorliegenden Arbeit bestätigen den kritisch abzuwägenden Einsatz von Midazolam in der Intensivtherapie. Weiterhin zeigte sich ein signifikanter Einfluss der Ernährung auf die Morbidität der Patienten entsprechend der Literatur. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse weisen weiter darauf hin, dass bei schwerverletzten Patienten auch die Gesamtkalorienzufuhr gering zu halten ist, um die Rate an Pneumonien zu reduzieren. Die Beatmung mit einem PEEP von 15mbar in den ersten Behandlungstagen unter PiCCO-Monitoring erscheint hierbei keine negativen Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung einer Leberdysfunktion zu haben.
Zusammenfassend kann durch ein vorwiegend enterales Ernährungsschema, mit unter den Empfehlungen der AWMF liegenden Gesamtkalorien, das Auftreten von Leberdysfunktionen und die Rate an Pneumonien signifikant reduziert, durch ein strukturiertes Therapiekonzept mit u.a. reduziertem Einsatz von Midazolam eine signifikante Reduktion der Beatmungszeit sowie der Intensivverweildauer erreicht und eine Reduktion der Pneumonierate unterstützt werden.
Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of active galactic nuclei at millimetre wavelengths have the power to reveal the launching and initial collimation region of extragalactic radio jets, down to 10–100 gravitational radii (rg ≡ GM/c2) scales in nearby sources. Centaurus A is the closest radio-loud source to Earth. It bridges the gap in mass and accretion rate between the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in Messier 87 and our Galactic Centre. A large southern declination of −43° has, however, prevented VLBI imaging of Centaurus A below a wavelength of 1 cm thus far. Here we show the millimetre VLBI image of the source, which we obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope at 228 GHz. Compared with previous observations, we image the jet of Centaurus A at a tenfold higher frequency and sixteen times sharper resolution and thereby probe sub-lightday structures. We reveal a highly collimated, asymmetrically edge-brightened jet as well as the fainter counterjet. We find that the source structure of Centaurus A resembles the jet in Messier 87 on ~500 rg scales remarkably well. Furthermore, we identify the location of Centaurus A’s SMBH with respect to its resolved jet core at a wavelength of 1.3 mm and conclude that the source’s event horizon shadow should be visible at terahertz frequencies. This location further supports the universal scale invariance of black holes over a wide range of masses.
The quasi-free scattering reactions 11C(p, 2p) and 10,11,12C(p, pn) have been studied in inverse kinematics at beam energies of 300–400 MeV/u at the R3B-LAND setup. The outgoing proton-proton and protonneutron pairs were detected in coincidence with the reaction fragments in kinematically complete measurements. The efficiency to detect these pairs has been obtained from GEANT4 simulations which were tested using the 12C(p, 2p) and 12C(p, pn) reactions. Experimental cross sections and momentum distributions have been obtained and compared to DWIA calculations based on eikonal theory. The new results reported here are combined with previously published cross sections for quasi-free scattering from oxygen and nitrogen isotopes and together they enable a systematic study of the reduction of singleparticle strength compared to predictions of the shell model over a wide neutron-to-proton asymmetry range. The combined reduction factors show a weak or no dependence on isospin asymmetry, in contrast to the strong dependency reported in nucleon-removal reactions induced by nuclear targets at lower energies. However, the reduction factors for (p, 2p) are found to be ’significantly smaller than for (p, pn) reactions for all investigated nuclei.
wo different single particle mass spectrometers were operated in parallel at the Swiss High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580 m a.s.l.) during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 6) in February and March 2007. During mixed phase cloud events ice crystals from 5 μm up to 20 μm were separated from large ice aggregates, non-activated, interstitial aerosol particles and supercooled droplets using an Ice-Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI). During one cloud period supercooled droplets were additionally sampled and analyzed by changing the Ice-CVI setup. The small ice particles and droplets were evaporated by injection into dry air inside the Ice-CVI. The resulting ice and droplet residues (IR and DR) were analyzed for size and composition by two single particle mass spectrometers: a custom-built Single Particle Laser-Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (SPLAT) and a commercial Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS, TSI Model 3800). During CLACE 6 the SPLAT instrument characterized 355 individual ice residues that produced a mass spectrum for at least one polarity and the ATOFMS measured 152 particles. The mass spectra were binned in classes, based on the combination of dominating substances, such as mineral dust, sulfate, potassium and elemental carbon or organic material. The derived chemical information from the ice residues is compared to the JFJ ambient aerosol that was sampled while the measurement station was out of clouds (several thousand particles analyzed by SPLAT and ATOFMS) and to the composition of the residues of supercooled cloud droplets (SPLAT: 162 cloud droplet residues analyzed, ATOFMS: 1094). The measurements showed that mineral dust particles were strongly enhanced in the ice particle residues. 57% of the SPLAT spectra from ice residues were dominated by signatures from mineral compounds, and 78% of the ATOFMS spectra. Sulfate and nitrate containing particles were strongly depleted in the ice residues. Sulfate was found to dominate the droplet residues (~90% of the particles). The results from the two different single particle mass spectrometers were generally in agreement. Differences in the results originate from several causes, such as the different wavelength of the desorption and ionisation lasers and different size-dependent particle detection efficiencies.
Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, and are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasize the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we developed and deployed a new protocol for photogrammetric height using unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) images to test its capability for delivering standardized measurements of biomass across a globally distributed field experiment. We assessed whether canopy height inferred from UAV photogrammetry allows the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species by conducting 38 photogrammetric surveys over 741 harvested plots to sample 50 species. We found mean canopy height was strongly predictive of AGB across species, with a median adjusted R2 of 0.87 (ranging from 0.46 to 0.99) and median prediction error from leave-one-out cross-validation of 3.9%. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within but different among, plant functional types. We found that photogrammetric reconstructions of canopy height were sensitive to wind speed but not sun elevation during surveys. We demonstrated that our photogrammetric approach produced generalizable measurements across growth forms and environmental settings and yielded accuracies as good as those obtained from in situ approaches. We demonstrate that using a standardized approach for UAV photogrammetry can deliver accurate AGB estimates across a wide range of dynamic and heterogeneous ecosystems. Many academic and land management institutions have the technical capacity to deploy these approaches over extents of 1–10 ha−1. Photogrammetric approaches could provide much-needed information required to calibrate and validate the vegetation models and satellite-derived biomass products that are essential to understand vulnerable and understudied non-forested ecosystems around the globe.
Downsizing of animal communities due to defaunation is prevalent in many ecosystems. Yet, we know little about its consequences for ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal. Here, we use eight seed-dispersal networks sampled across the Andes and simulate how downsizing of avian frugivores impacts structural network robustness and seed dispersal. We use a trait-based modeling framework to quantify the consequences of downsizing-relative to random extinctions-for the number of interactions and secondary plant extinctions (as measures of structural robustness) and for long-distance seed dispersal (as a measure of ecosystem function). We find that downsizing leads to stronger functional than structural losses. For instance, 10% size-structured loss of bird species results in almost 40% decline of long-distance seed dispersal, but in less than 10% of structural loss. Our simulations reveal that measures of the structural robustness of ecological networks underestimate the consequences of animal extinction and downsizing for ecosystem functioning.
Two-particle correlation functions of negative hadrons over wide phase space, and transverse mass spectra of negative hadrons and deuterons near mid-rapidity have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. A novel Coulomb correction procedure for the negative two-particle correlations is employed making use of the measured oppositely charged particle correlation. Within an expanding source scenario these results are used to extract the dynamic characteristics of the hadronic source, resolving the ambiguities between the temperature and transverse expansion velocity of the source, that are unavoidable when single and two particle spectra are analysed separately. The source shape, the total duration of the source expansion, the duration of particle emission, the freeze-out temperature and the longitudinal and transverse expansion velocities are deduced.
The directed and elliptic flow of protons and charged pions has been observed from the semi-central collisions of a 158 GeV/nucleon Pb beam with a Pb target. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the flow has been measured. The directed flow of the pions is opposite to that of the protons but both exhibit negative flow at low pt. The elliptic flow of both is fairly independent of rapidity but rises with pt. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 25.75.Ld