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We present a study of the inclusive charged-particle transverse momentum (pT) spectra as a function of charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-pseudorapidity, dNch/dη, in pp collisions at s√=5.02 and 13 TeV covering the kinematic range |η|<0.8 and 0.15<pT<20GeV/c. The results are presented for events with at least one charged particle in |η|<1 (INEL >0). The transverse momentum spectra are reported for two multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. While the pT spectra exhibit a strong dependence on multiplicity and center-of-mass energy, they show little energy dependence when normalized to the pT spectrum for INEL >0. The behavior of the multiplicity dependent spectra from intermediate to high transverse momentum (6<pT<20GeV/c) is parametrised by the exponent of a power-law function. Going from low to high average charged-particle density, the exponent decreases from ∼6 to ∼5. Moreover, the high-pT yields of charged particles increase faster than the charged-particle multiplicity density. The average pT as a function of multiplicity and transverse spherocity is reported for pp collisions at s√=13 TeV. For low- (high-) spherocity events, corresponding to jet-like (isotropic) events, the average pT is higher (smaller) than that measured in INEL >0 pp collisions. Within uncertainties, the functional form of ⟨pT⟩(Nch) is not affected by the spherocity selection. While EPOS LHC gives a good description of many features of data, PYTHIA overestimates the average pT in jet-like events. The observations are discussed in terms of multi-parton interactions with large momentum transfer and color reconnection.
We present a study of the inclusive charged-particle transverse momentum (pT) spectra as a function of charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-pseudorapidity, dNch/dη, in pp collisions at s√ = 5.02 and 13 TeV covering the kinematic range |η|<0.8 and 0.15<pT<20 GeV/c. The results are presented for events with at least one charged particle in |η|<1 (INEL>0). The pT spectra are reported for two multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. The pT spectra normalized to that for INEL >0 show little energy dependence. Moreover, the high-pT yields of charged particles increase faster than the charged-particle multiplicity density. The average pT as a function of multiplicity and transverse spherocity is reported for pp collisions at s√=13 TeV. For low- (high-) spherocity events, corresponding to jet-like (isotropic) events, the average pT is higher (smaller) than that measured in INEL >0 pp collisions. Within uncertainties, the functional form of ⟨pT⟩(Nch) is not affected by the spherocity selection. While EPOS LHC gives a good description of many features of data, PYTHIA overestimates the average pT in jet-like events.
Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN =5.02 TeV
(2020)
The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range −1 < y < 0 as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss dE/dx and via their time-offlight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare 3He and 3He nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window −1 < y < 0 and the pT-integrated yield dN/dy is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and 3He, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number.
The ALICE collaboration at the CERN LHC reports novel measurements of jet substructure in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV and central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV. Jet substructure of track-based jets is explored via iterative declustering and grooming techniques. We present the measurement of the momentum sharing of two-prong substructure exposed via grooming, the zg, and its dependence on the opening angle, in both pp and Pb–Pb collisions. We also present the measurement of the distribution of the number of branches obtained in the iterative declustering of the jet, which is interpreted as the number of its hard splittings. In Pb–Pb collisions, we observe a suppression of symmetric splittings at large opening angles and an enhancement of splittings at small opening angles relative to pp collisions, with no significant modification of the number of splittings. The results are compared to predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators to test the role of important concepts in the evolution of the jet in the medium such as colour coherence.
The ALICE collaboration at the CERN LHC reports novel measurements of jet substructure in pp collisions at s√= 7 TeV and central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV. Jet substructure of track-based jets is explored via iterative declustering and grooming techniques. We present the measurement of the momentum sharing of two-prong substructure exposed via grooming, the zg, and its dependence on the opening angle, in both pp and Pb-Pb collisions. We also present the first measurement of the distribution of the number of branches obtained in the iterative declustering of the jet, which is interpreted as the number of its hard splittings. In Pb-Pb collisions, we observe a suppression of symmetric splittings at large opening angles and an enhancement of splittings at small opening angles relative to pp collisions, with no significant modification of the number of splittings. The results are compared to predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators to test the role of important concepts in the evolution of the jet in the medium such as color coherence.
The ALICE collaboration at the CERN LHC reports novel measurements of jet substructure in pp collisions at s√= 7 TeV and central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV. Jet substructure of track-based jets is explored via iterative declustering and grooming techniques. We present the measurement of the momentum sharing of two-prong substructure exposed via grooming, the zg, and its dependence on the opening angle, in both pp and Pb-Pb collisions. We also present the first measurement of the distribution of the number of branches obtained in the iterative declustering of the jet, which is interpreted as the number of its hard splittings. In Pb-Pb collisions, we observe a suppression of symmetric splittings at large opening angles and an enhancement of splittings at small opening angles relative to pp collisions, with no significant modification of the number of splittings. The results are compared to predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators to test the role of important concepts in the evolution of the jet in the medium such as color coherence.
The elliptic flow (v2) of (anti-)3He is measured in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02TeV in the transverse-momentum (pT) range of 2–6 GeV/c for the centrality classes 0–20%, 20–40%, and 40–60% using the event-plane method. This measurement is compared to that of pions, kaons, and protons at the same center-of-mass energy. A clear mass ordering is observed at low pT, as expected from relativistic hydrodynamics. The violation of the scaling of v2 with the number of constituent quarks at low pT, already observed for identified hadrons and deuterons at LHC energies, is confirmed also for (anti-)3He. The elliptic flow of (anti-)3He is underestimated by the Blast-Wave model and overestimated by a simple coalescence approach based on nucleon scaling. The elliptic flow of (anti-)3He measured in the centrality classes 0–20% and 20–40% is well described by a more sophisticated coalescence model where the phase-space distributions of protons and neutrons are generated using the iEBE-VISHNU hybrid model with AMPT initial conditions.
In particle collider experiments, elementary particle interactions with large momentum transfer produce quarks and gluons (known as partons) whose evolution is governed by the strong force, as described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD)1. These partons subsequently emit further partons in a process that can be described as a parton shower2, which culminates in the formation of detectable hadrons. Studying the pattern of the parton shower is one of the key experimental tools for testing QCD. This pattern is expected to depend on the mass of the initiating parton, through a phenomenon known as the dead-cone effect, which predicts a suppression of the gluon spectrum emitted by a heavy quark of mass mQ and energy E, within a cone of angular size mQ/E around the emitter3. Previously, a direct observation of the dead-cone effect in QCD had not been possible, owing to the challenge of reconstructing the cascading quarks and gluons from the experimentally accessible hadrons. We report the direct observation of the QCD dead cone by using new iterative declustering techniques4,5 to reconstruct the parton shower of charm quarks. This result confirms a fundamental feature of QCD. Furthermore, the measurement of a dead-cone angle constitutes a direct experimental observation of the non-zero mass of the charm quark, which is a fundamental constant in the standard model of particle physics.
The energy deposited at very forward rapidities (very forward energy) is a powerful tool for characterising proton fragmentation in pp and p-Pb collisions. The correlation of very forward energy with particle production at midrapidity provides direct insights into the initial stages and the subsequent evolution of the collision. Furthermore, the correlation with the production of particles with large transverse momenta at midrapidity provides information complementary to the measurements of the underlying event, which are usually interpreted in the framework of models implementing centrality-dependent multiple parton interactions.
Results about very forward energy, measured by the ALICE zero degree calorimeters (ZDCs), and its dependence on the activity measured at midrapidity in pp collisions at s√ = 13 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 8.16 TeV are discussed. The measurements performed in pp collisions are compared with the expectations of three hadronic interaction event generators: PYTHIA 6 (Perugia 2011 tune), PYTHIA 8 (Monash tune), and EPOS LHC. These results provide new constraints on the validity of models in describing the beam remnants at very forward rapidities, where perturbative QCD cannot be used.
Two-particle Azimuthal correlations are measured with the ALICE apparatus in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV to explore strangeness- and multiplicity-related effects in the fragmentation of jets and the transition regime between bulk and hard production, probed with the condition that a strange meson (KS0) or baryon (Λ) with transverse momentum pT>3 GeV/c is produced. Azimuthal correlations between kaons or Λ hyperons with other hadrons are presented at midrapidity for a broad range of the trigger (3<ptriggT<20 GeV/c) and associated particle pT (1 GeV/c <passocT<ptriggT), for minimum-bias events and as a function of the event multiplicity. The near- and away-side peak yields are compared for the case of either KS0 or Λ(Λ¯¯¯¯) being the trigger particle with that of inclusive hadrons (a sample dominated by pions). In addition, the measurements are compared with predictions from PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC event generators.