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Members of the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily translocate a broad spectrum of chemically diverse substrates. While their eponymous ATP‐binding cassette in the nucleotide‐binding domains (NBDs) is highly conserved, their transmembrane domains (TMDs) forming the translocation pathway exhibit distinct folds and topologies, suggesting that during evolution the ancient motor domains were combined with different transmembrane mechanical systems to orchestrate a variety of cellular processes. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the distinct TMD folds are best suited to categorize the multitude of ABC transporters. We therefore propose a new ABC transporter classification that is based on structural homology in the TMDs:
Objectives: Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a bothersome complication following endoscopic treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The objective of our study was to give a more realistic insight into contemporary endoscopic BNC treatment and to evaluate and identify risk factors associated with inferior outcome. Material and Methods: We identified patients who underwent transurethral treatment for BNC secondary to previous endoscopic therapy for BPH between March 2009 and October 2016. Patients with vesico-urethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy were excluded. Digital charts were reviewed for re-admissions and re-visits at our institutions and patients were contacted personally for follow-up. Our non-validated questionnaire assessed previous urologic therapies (including radiotherapy, endoscopic, and open surgery), time to eventual further therapy in case of BNC recurrence, and the modality of recurrence management. Results: Of 60 patients, 49 (82%) and 11 (18%) underwent transurethral bladder neck resection and incision, respectively. Initial BPH therapy was transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in 54 (90%) and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in six (10%) patients. Median time from prior therapy was 8.5 (IQR 5.3–14) months and differed significantly in those with (6.5 months; IQR 4–10) and those without BNC recurrence (10 months; IQR 6–20; p = 0.046). Thirty-three patients (55%) underwent initial endoscopic treatment, and 27 (45%) repeated endoscopic treatment for BNC. In initially-treated patients, time since BPH surgery differed significantly between those with a recurrence (median 7.5 months; IQR 6–9) compared to those treated successfully (median 12 months; IQR 9–25; p = 0.01). In patients with repeated treatment, median time from prior BNC therapy did not differ between those with (4.5 months; IQR 2–12) and those without a recurrence (6 months; IQR 6–10; p = 0.6). Overall, BNC treatment was successful in 32 patients (53%). The observed success rate of BNC treatment was significantly higher after HoLEP compared to TURP (100% vs. 48%; p = 0.026). Type of BNC treatment, number of BNC treatment, and age at surgery did not influence the outcome. Conclusions: A longer time interval between previous BPH therapy and subsequent BNC incidence seems to favorably affect treatment success of endoscopic BNC treatment, and transurethral resection and incision appear equally effective. Granted the relatively small sample size, BNC treatment success seems to be higher after HoLEP compared to TURP, which warrants validation in larger cohorts.
Energy-conserving dimethyl sulfoxide reduction in the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica
(2022)
Moorella thermoacetica is one of the well-studied thermophilic acetogenic bacteria. It grows by oxidation of organic substrates, CO or H2 coupled to CO2 reduction to acetate. Here, we describe that M. thermoacetica can also use dimethyl sulfoxide as terminal electron acceptor. Growth of M. thermoacetica on glucose or H2 + CO2 was stimulated by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Membranes showed a DMSO reductase activity, that was induced by growing cells in presence of DMSO. The enzyme used reduced anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, benzyl- and methyl viologen as electron donor, but not NAD(P)H. Activity was highest at pH 5 and 60°C, the Km for DMSO was 2.4 mM. Potential DMSO reductase subunits were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting; they are encoded in a genomic region that contains three potential dmsA genes, three dmsB genes and one dmsC gene. Transcriptome analysis revealed that two different dmsAB gene clusters were induced in the presence of DMSO. The function of these two and their predicted biochemical features are discussed. In addition, the data are in line with the hypothesis that M. thermoacetica can use DMSO alongside CO2 as electron acceptor and DMSO reduction is catalysed by an energy-conserving, membrane-bound electron transport chain with DMSO as final electron acceptor.