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Hintergrund: Epoxyeicosatriensäuren (Epoxyeicotrienoic acids, EETs) sind antihypertensiv, anti-inflammatorisch, anti-proliferativ und pro-fibrinolytisch wirksam. Die lösliche Epoxid-Hydrolase (soluble epoxid hydrolase, sEH) wandelt EETs in ihre korrespondierenden, weniger aktiven Diole (DHETEs) um. Das legt die Vermutung nahe, dass eine Steigerung der EET-Spiegel durch sEH-Inhibition eine Strategie zur Verhinderung von Endorganschäden sein kann. Wir untersuchten den Effekt der sEH-Inhibition im Modell der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz bei der Maus. Methoden: Es wurde eine 5/6 Nephrektomie (5/6 Nx) an männlichen SV129 Mäusen durchgeführt um eine chronisch progressive Niereninsuffizienz zu induzieren. Postoperativ wurden die Tiere in Gruppen randomisiert und mit Placebo (Leitungswasser), einem ACE-Hemmer (Ramipril, 40 mg/kgKG/d), dem sEH-Inhibitor 1471 (15 mg/kgKG/d) und dem CYP-Inhibitor Fenbendazol (15 mg/kgKG/) für 8 Wochen behandelt. Ergebnisse: Verglichen mit den sham-operierten Mäusen induzierte die 5/6 Nx einen arteriellen Hypertonus, eine Proteinurie, Glomerulosklerose und eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit. Wie erwartet führte die Gabe von Ramipril zu einer Blutdrucksenkung, einer verminderten Albuminurie und einer verbesserten Überlebensrate. Fenbendazol senkte die Plasma- Konzentration von einigen EETs, hatte aber keinen Einfluss auf die Progression der Niereninsuffizienz. Überraschenderweise kam es unter sEH-Inhibitor-Therapie zu keiner Blutdrucksenkung in diesem Modell. Im Gegenteil, die Proteinurie war sogar noch verstärkt bei den 5/6 Nx-Tieren unter 1471-Therapie verglichen mit der Placebo-Gruppe. Die Plasma-EET-Spiegel waren >2 mal höher in den 5/6 Nx-Mäusen als in der korrespondierenden sham-Gruppe. Die renale sEH-Expression war in den 5/6 Nx-Mäusen vermindert, eine medikamentöse sEH-Inhibition steigerte die EET-Spiegel in diesen Tieren noch weiter. Bemerkenswert war, dass, ausschließlich in den 5/6 Nx-Gruppen, eine sEH-Inhibition und eine CYP-Inhibition zu einer gesteigerten Konzentration von 5-Hydroxyeicosatriensäure (5-HETE), 12-HETE und 15-HETE führte, welche Lipid Peroxidations- und Lipoxygenase-Produkte sind. Fazit: Im Modell der 5/6 Nephrektomie bei der Maus führt die Hemmung der sEH zu keiner Blutdrucksenkung, sondern zu einer Verschlechterung der Proteinurie. Ursächlich hierfür sind vermutlich die durch die Niereninsuffizienz hervorgerufe Akkumulation von EETs sowie eine Verschiebung des Arachidonsäure-Metabolismus hin zu Lipoxgenase-Produkten mit nierenschädigender Wirkung.
Rho-family GTPases like RhoA and Rac-1 are potent regulators of cellular signaling that control gene expression, migration and inflammation. Activation of Rho-GTPases has been linked to podocyte dysfunction, a feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We investigated the effect of Rac-1 and Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition on progressive renal failure in mice and studied the underlying mechanisms in podocytes. SV129 mice were subjected to 5/6-nephrectomy which resulted in arterial hypertension and albuminuria. Subgroups of animals were treated with the Rac-1 inhibitor EHT1846, the ROCK inhibitor SAR407899 and the ACE inhibitor Ramipril. Only Ramipril reduced hypertension. In contrast, all inhibitors markedly attenuated albumin excretion as well as glomerular and tubulo-interstitial damage. The combination of SAR407899 and Ramipril was more effective in preventing albuminuria than Ramipril alone. To study the involved mechanisms, podocytes were cultured from SV129 mice and exposed to static stretch in the Flexcell device. This activated RhoA and Rac-1 and led via TGFβ to apoptosis and a switch of the cells into a more mesenchymal phenotype, as evident from loss of WT-1 and nephrin and induction of α-SMA and fibronectin expression. Rac-1 and ROCK inhibition as well as blockade of TGFβ dramatically attenuated all these responses. This suggests that Rac-1 and RhoA are mediators of podocyte dysfunction in CKD. Inhibition of Rho-GTPases may be a novel approach for the treatment of CKD.
Emotional instability, difficulties in social adjustment, and disinhibited behavior are the most common symptoms of the psychiatric comorbidities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). This psychopathology has been associated with dysfunctions of mesial-frontal brain circuits. The present work is a first direct test of this link and adapted a paradigm for probing frontal circuits during empathy for pain. Neural and psychophysiological parameters of pain empathy were assessed by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous pupillometry in 15 JME patients and 15 matched healthy controls. In JME patients, we observed reduced neural activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the anterior insula (AI), and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). This modulation was paralleled by reduced pupil dilation during empathy for pain in patients. At the same time, pupil dilation was positively related to neural activity of the ACC, AI, and VLPFC. In JME patients, the ACC additionally showed reduced functional connectivity with the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, areas fundamentally implicated in processing the somatic cause of another's pain. Our results provide first evidence that alterations of mesial-frontal circuits directly affect psychosocial functioning in JME patients and draw a link of pupil dynamics with brain activity during emotional processing. The findings of reduced pain empathy related activation of the ACC and AI and aberrant functional integration of the ACC with somatosensory cortex areas provide further evidence for this network's role in social behavior and helps explaining the JME psychopathology and patients' difficulties in social adjustment.
Epoxyeicotrienoic acids (EETs) are cytochrome P450-dependent anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory derivatives of arachidonic acid, which are highly abundant in the kidney and considered reno-protective. EETs are degraded by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and sEH inhibitors are considered treatment for chronic renal failure (CRF). We determined whether sEH inhibition attenuates the progression of CRF in the 5/6-nephrectomy model (5/6-Nx) in mice. 5/6-Nx mice were treated with a placebo, an ACE-inhibitor (Ramipril, 40 mg/kg), the sEH-inhibitor cAUCB or the CYP-inhibitor fenbendazole for 8 weeks. 5/6-Nx induced hypertension, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis and tubulo-interstitial damage and these effects were attenuated by Ramipril. In contrast, cAUCB failed to lower the blood pressure and albuminuria was more severe as compared to placebo. Plasma EET-levels were doubled in 5/6 Nx-mice as compared to sham mice receiving placebo. Renal sEH expression was attenuated in 5/6-Nx mice but cAUCB in these animals still further increased the EET-level. cAUCB also increased 5-HETE and 15-HETE, which derive from peroxidation or lipoxygenases. Similar to cAUCB, CYP450 inhibition increased HETEs and promoted albuminuria. Thus, sEH-inhibition failed to elicit protective effects in the 5/6-Nx model and showed a tendency to aggravate the disease. These effects might be consequence of a shift of arachidonic acid metabolism into the lipoxygenase pathway.
In psychiatry, there has been a growing focus on identifying at-risk populations. For schizophrenia, these efforts have led to the development of early recognition and intervention measures. Despite a similar disease burden, the populations at risk of bipolar disorder have not been sufficiently characterized. Within the BipoLife consortium, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from a multicenter study to assess structural gray matter alterations in N = 263 help-seeking individuals from seven study sites. We defined the risk using the EPIbipolar assessment tool as no-risk, low-risk, and high-risk and used a region-of-interest approach (ROI) based on the results of two large-scale multicenter studies of bipolar disorder by the ENIGMA working group. We detected significant differences in the thickness of the left pars opercularis (Cohen’s d = 0.47, p = 0.024) between groups. The cortex was significantly thinner in high-risk individuals compared to those in the no-risk group (p = 0.011). We detected no differences in the hippocampal volume. Exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in other cortical or subcortical regions. The thinner cortex in help-seeking individuals at risk of bipolar disorder is in line with previous findings in patients with the established disorder and corresponds to the region of the highest effect size in the ENIGMA study of cortical alterations. Structural alterations in prefrontal cortex might be a trait marker of bipolar risk. This is the largest structural MRI study of help-seeking individuals at increased risk of bipolar disorder.
DNA methylation profiles of aggressive behavior may capture lifetime cumulative effects of genetic, stochastic, and environmental influences associated with aggression. Here, we report the first large meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of aggressive behavior (N = 15,324 participants). In peripheral blood samples of 14,434 participants from 18 cohorts with mean ages ranging from 7 to 68 years, 13 methylation sites were significantly associated with aggression (alpha = 1.2 × 10−7; Bonferroni correction). In cord blood samples of 2425 children from five cohorts with aggression assessed at mean ages ranging from 4 to 7 years, 83% of these sites showed the same direction of association with childhood aggression (r = 0.74, p = 0.006) but no epigenome-wide significant sites were found. Top-sites (48 at a false discovery rate of 5% in the peripheral blood meta-analysis or in a combined meta-analysis of peripheral blood and cord blood) have been associated with chemical exposures, smoking, cognition, metabolic traits, and genetic variation (mQTLs). Three genes whose expression levels were associated with top-sites were previously linked to schizophrenia and general risk tolerance. At six CpGs, DNA methylation variation in blood mirrors variation in the brain. On average 44% (range = 3–82%) of the aggression–methylation association was explained by current and former smoking and BMI. These findings point at loci that are sensitive to chemical exposures with potential implications for neuronal functions. We hope these results to be a starting point for studies leading to applications as peripheral biomarkers and to reveal causal relationships with aggression and related traits.