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Introduction: Hip fracture surgery is associated with high in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates and serious adverse patient outcomes. Evidence from randomised controlled trials regarding effectiveness of spinal versus general anaesthesia on patient-centred outcomes after hip fracture surgery is sparse.
Methods and analysis: The iHOPE study is a pragmatic national, multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label clinical trial with a two-arm parallel group design. In total, 1032 patients with hip fracture (>65 years) will be randomised in an intended 1:1 allocation ratio to receive spinal anaesthesia (n=516) or general anaesthesia (n=516). Outcome assessment will occur in a blinded manner after hospital discharge and inhospital. The primary endpoint will be assessed by telephone interview and comprises the time to the first occurring event of the binary composite outcome of all-cause mortality or new-onset serious cardiac and pulmonary complications within 30 postoperative days. In-hospital secondary endpoints, assessed via in-person interviews and medical record review, include mortality, perioperative adverse events, delirium, satisfaction, walking independently, length of hospital stay and discharge destination. Telephone interviews will be performed for long-term endpoints (all-cause mortality, independence in walking, chronic pain, ability to return home cognitive function and overall health and disability) at postoperative day 30±3, 180±45 and 365±60.
Ethics and dissemination: iHOPE has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University on 14 March 2018 (EK 022/18). Approval from all other involved local Ethical Committees was subsequently requested and obtained. Study started in April 2018 with a total recruitment period of 24 months. iHOPE will be disseminated via presentations at national and international scientific meetings or conferences and publication in peer-reviewed international scientific journals.
Trial registration number: DRKS00013644; Pre-results
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Background: Alzheimer's disease is a common debilitating dementia with known heritability, for which 20 late onset susceptibility loci have been identified, but more remain to be discovered. This study sought to identify new susceptibility genes, using an alternative gene-wide analytical approach which tests for patterns of association within genes, in the powerful genome-wide association dataset of the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project Consortium, comprising over 7 m genotypes from 25,580 Alzheimer's cases and 48,466 controls.
Principal findings: In addition to earlier reported genes, we detected genome-wide significant loci on chromosomes 8 (TP53INP1, p = 1.4×10−6) and 14 (IGHV1-67 p = 7.9×10−8) which indexed novel susceptibility loci.
Significance: The additional genes identified in this study, have an array of functions previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including aspects of energy metabolism, protein degradation and the immune system and add further weight to these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.
Study Design: Survey of 100 worldwide spine surgeons.
Objective: To develop a spine injury score for the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System.
Methods: Each respondent was asked to numerically grade the severity of each variable of the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System. Using the results, as well as limited input from the AOSpine Trauma Knowledge Forum, the Thoracolumbar AOSpine Injury Score was developed.
Results: Beginning with 1 point for A1, groups A, B, and C were consecutively awarded an additional point (A1, 1 point; A2, 2 points; A3, 3 points); however, because of a significant increase in the severity between A3 and A4 and because the severity of A4 and B1 was similar, both A4 and B1 were awarded 5 points. An uneven stepwise increase in severity moving from N0 to N4, with a substantial increase in severity between N2 (nerve root injury with radicular symptoms) and N3 (incomplete spinal cord injury) injuries, was identified. Hence, each grade of neurologic injury was progressively given an additional point starting with 0 points for N0, and the substantial difference in severity between N2 and N3 injuries was recognized by elevating N3 to 4 points. Finally, 1 point was awarded to the M1 modifier (indeterminate posterolateral ligamentous complex injury).
Conclusion: The Thoracolumbar AOSpine Injury Score is an easy-to-use, data-driven metric that will allow for the development of a surgical algorithm to accompany the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System.
Aims: Averaged measurements, but not the progression based on multiple assessments of carotid intima-media thickness, (cIMT) are predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in individuals. Whether this is true for conventional risk factors is unclear.
Methods and results: An individual participant meta-analysis was used to associate the annualised progression of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with future cardiovascular disease risk in 13 prospective cohort studies of the PROG-IMT collaboration (n = 34,072). Follow-up data included information on a combined cardiovascular disease endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular death. In secondary analyses, annualised progression was replaced with average. Log hazard ratios per standard deviation difference were pooled across studies by a random effects meta-analysis. In primary analysis, the annualised progression of total cholesterol was marginally related to a higher cardiovascular disease risk (hazard ratio (HR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00 to 1.07). The annualised progression of systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with future cardiovascular disease risk. In secondary analysis, average systolic blood pressure (HR 1.20 95% CI 1.11 to 1.29) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) were related to a greater, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97) was related to a lower risk of future cardiovascular disease events.
Conclusion: Averaged measurements of systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol displayed significant linear relationships with the risk of future cardiovascular disease events. However, there was no clear association between the annualised progression of these conventional risk factors in individuals with the risk of future clinical endpoints.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
Fragestellung Die Schädigung des Kollagennetzwerks ist ein frühes Ereignis der Arthrose (OA). Wir untersuchten ein Kollagen Typ II -Neoepitop (CTX) in der Synovialflüssigkeit (SF) nach kompletter medialer Meniskektomie (ME). Methoden 32 NZW-Kaninchen hatten eine ME des rechten Kniegelenks. Kontrolle: 11 shamoperierte, 8 unoperierte Kaninchen. Die ME-Kaninchen wurden nach 2 (n = 8), 4 (n = 8) , 8 (n = 8) und 12 (n = 8) Wochen getötet, SF-lavagen beider Kniegelenke durchgeführt. Der ELISA misst ein Kollagen Typ II - Neoepitop, das nach Spaltung der C-telopeptide cross-linking Domaine entsteht. Makroskopisch: Grading beider Kniegelenke mit einem 9 Felder-Schema: Einzelflächen und Gesamtsummen von Tibia, Femur (jeweils medial und lateral) und Patella Histologisch: Grading mit H&E und Safranin O Schnitten (u.a. Proteoglykangehalt, Matrixstruktur, Zellularität, Tidemark und Osteophyten) Statistik: Wilcoxon - und Mann - Whitney U Test. Ergebnisse Makroskopisch: signifikante Veränderungen von medialer Tibia und Femur ab 2 Wochen nach ME, im Vergleich mit Gegenseite und mit nichtoperierten Kaninchen. Histologisch: beginnende OA zu allen Zeitpunkten. ME Knie: CTX Werte in der SF deutlich erhöht, zum kontralateralen Knie für 2, 4, 8 und 12 Wochen signifikant. Nichtoperierte Tiere: keine Unterschiede linkes vs. rechtes Knie, im Vergleich zur ME zu allen Zeitpunkten signifikant niedriger. Schlussfolgerungen Knorpelmarker sind Parameter der OA. Die Metalloproteinasen 1, 8 und 13 erzeugen ein Kollagen Typ II - Neoepitop, das zum Monitoring der arthrotischen Veränderungen geeignet erscheint.
Fragestellung Spontanheilungen von Rupturen des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) wurden wiederholt mittels MRT beschrieben. In grundlegenden tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen wird geschlussfolgert, dass es keine Regeneration gäbe. Die Morphologie der Spontanheilung des VKB wurde im Tiermodell des Kaninchens untersucht. Methoden 32 männliche Kaninchen wurden medial arthrotomiert und das VKB durchtrennt. Die Durchtrennung erfolgte unter Sicht mittels Nr. 15 Skalpell, zusätzlich wurde die vollständige Trennung der Stümpfe durch mehrfache Instrumentenpassage kontrolliert. Eine Resektion von Fasern erfolgte nicht. Je 8 Tiere wurden 2, 4, 8 und 12 Wochen nach dem Eingriff getötet. Die Morphologie der Heilungsverläufe wurde nach Lo et al. [1] klassifiziert, neue Typen der Klassifikation hinzugefügt. Typ B (intrasynoviale Ruptur) und Typ C (knöcherner Ausriss) waren studienbedingt nicht möglich. Die Studie war vom Regierungspräsidium genehmigt. Ergebnisse Die untersuchten Tiere hatten einen unauffälligen postoperativen Verlauf. Bei unterschiedlicher Ausprägung hatten alle Tiere makroskopisch eine Knorpelschädigung. Nach chirurgischer Durchtrennung waren die VKBenden durchschnitten (mop ended Typ A). Dieser Typ wurde bei der Dissektion nicht mehr vorgefunden. Die VKBstümpfe waren bei Dissektion: retrahiert (Typ D), mit dem hinteren Kreuzband verwachsen (E), resorbiert (F), miteinander verbunden = narbengeheilt (G), oder es lag eine Kombination (H) verschiedener Typen vor. Als neue Typen wurden Verwachsungen mit dem Meniskus (I) oder mit der Gelenkkapsel bzw. dem Fettkörper (K) beschrieben. Die VKBstümpfe waren gering (G 1 = 7), deutlich (G2 = 3 bzw. 4 insges. bei zusätzlicher Verwachsung mit dem Innenmeniskus) oder hypertroph (G 3 = 3) miteinander verwachsen. [Tab. 1] Schlussfolgerungen Der VKBriss führt häufig zur Kniegelenksinstabilität und Osteoarthrose. Nach Durchtrennung des VKB wird in Studien der Osteoarthroseforschung im Kaninchenmodell der Befund nie detailliert. In einem systematischen Vergleich der Regenerationsfähigkeit von partiell und komplett durchtrennten VKBs fanden Hefti et al. [2] weder bei skeletall unreifen noch bei jungen erwachsenen Kaninchen eine Regeneration nach kompletter Durchtrennung. Sie berichteten als Regelfall die Resorption nach 3 Monaten, in 2 Fällen Verwachsungen mit dem hinteren Kreuzband. Die hier berichteten Daten sind im Gegensatz zu Hefti's Untersuchungen. Sie stimmen aber gut mit humanen MRT-Untersuchungen und Arthroskopien nach Kreuzbandverletzungen überein. Das VKB versucht durch Verwachsung eine Heilung der VKBstümpfe zu erzielen oder Anschluss an andere Kniegelenksstrukturen zu gewinnen. Somit besteht auch im Tiermodell des Kaninchens eine gewisse Spontanheilungsaktivität des VKB, deren biomechanische Stabilität allerdings oft unzureichend erschien. Eine Kniegelenksarthrose entwickelte sich in den untersuchten Gelenken.
Background: Intensive Care Resources are heavily utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, risk stratification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 patient clinical outcomes upon ICU admission remain inadequate. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model, based on retrospective & prospective clinical data, to stratify patient risk and predict ICU survival and outcomes. Methods: A Germany-wide electronic registry was established to pseudonymously collect admission, therapeutic and discharge information of SARS-CoV-2 ICU patients retrospectively and prospectively. Machine learning approaches were evaluated for the accuracy and interpretability of predictions. The Explainable Boosting Machine approach was selected as the most suitable method. Individual, non-linear shape functions for predictive parameters and parameter interactions are reported. Results: 1039 patients were included in the Explainable Boosting Machine model, 596 patients retrospectively collected, and 443 patients prospectively collected. The model for prediction of general ICU outcome was shown to be more reliable to predict “survival”. Age, inflammatory and thrombotic activity, and severity of ARDS at ICU admission were shown to be predictive of ICU survival. Patients’ age, pulmonary dysfunction and transfer from an external institution were predictors for ECMO therapy. The interaction of patient age with D-dimer levels on admission and creatinine levels with SOFA score without GCS were predictors for renal replacement therapy. Conclusions: Using Explainable Boosting Machine analysis, we confirmed and weighed previously reported and identified novel predictors for outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Using this strategy, predictive modeling of COVID-19 ICU patient outcomes can be performed overcoming the limitations of linear regression models. Trial registration “ClinicalTrials” (clinicaltrials.gov) under NCT04455451.