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The aim of our study was to reveal the differences in the species composition and soil properties of open sandy grasslands dominated by different Festuca species, Festuca vaginata and F. pseudovaginata. Due to the arid conditions, sandy grasslands are generally covered by xerothermic vegetation in which F. vaginata is a typical dominant species. Festuca pseudovaginata, a species newly described by the authors, can also gain dominance in sandy grasslands. However, species composition and soil properties of grasslands dominated by this recently discovered species are still undiscovered. Based on previous coenological studies, we hypothesised that the grasslands characterised by the endemic F. vaginata are more species-rich than those with F.pseudovaginata.
Coenological sampling was carried out in May 2009 at two study sites using the Braun-Blanquet method in quadrats of 2 m × 2 m. Five relevés were sampled in stands dominated by F. vaginata and F. pseudovaginata respectively at two study sites in Central Hungary, resulting in a total of twenty relevés. Analyses were based on the cover scores of vascular plant species and cryptogam crust and values of seven soil properties (pH [KCl], pH [H2O], humus, total N, Ca, P2O5 and K2O) measured in the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers. Soil properties of the grasslands dominated by F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata (dependent variables) were compared by linear mixed models, where ‘grassland type’ was the fixed factor and ‘site nested in grassland type’ was considered as random factor. Data were analysed by cluster analysis, fusion algorithm was a combinatorial method (minimising increase of variance), and the correlation was used as comparative function. We compared the cover of subordinate species by Mann-Whitney U test. We found that F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata samples were well separated, and grasslands dominated by F. pseudovaginata had nearly two times more species than those dominated by F. vaginata. Based on the cluster analyses using plant cover and upper 0–15 cm soil layer data, F. pseudovaginata and F. vaginata groups could be well separated. Linear mixed models revealed that F. vaginata grasslands were typical on soils with higher pH, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents compared to F. pseudovaginata grasslands, which indicates a tight connection between the properties of the upper soil layer and the vegetation in sandy grasslands.
Im vorliegenden Artikel werden drei kürzlich entdeckte Depotfunde vorgestellt, die einen Einblick in die Ideologie der kriegerischen Häuptlingstümer der Spätbronzezeit in Ungarn geben. Darüber hinaus spezifizieren sie die Identität der führenden Krieger und stellen sie in eine neue Perspektive. Das Schwertdepot von Mezőberény ist ein Beispiel dafür, wie der Akt der Deponierung einem anscheinend unbedeutenden Teil einer Landschaft eine neue Bedeutung verleihen kann. Die Schwertdepots in dem endlosen Weideland spiegeln vermutlich die Bemühungen der Viehzüchter-Clans, die um die natürlichen Resourcen konkurrierten, wider, das von ihnen genutzte Gebiet auch symbolisch in Besitz zu nehmen. Die Zusammensetzung der Hortfunde aus Pázmándfalu zeigt eine enge Verbindung mit Grabbeigaben der Elitekrieger in Mitteleuropa und in den Alpen. Daher ist davon auszugehen, dass diese drei repräsentativen Fundkomplexe im Rahmen einer komplexen Zeremonie niedergelegt wurden, die indirekt mit dem Grabritus in Verbindung steht. Die Zusammensetzung und die Platzierung der Horte erlauben auch eine andere mögliche Interpretation: ein Grabritual in Verbindung mit dem Heroenkult. Das Beispiel der goldenen Beinschiene aus Gyálarét veranschaulicht den Prozess, in dem die Attribute der Krieger in der transzendenten Sphäre Bedeutung erlangen: in der Welt der mythischen Vorfahren, Seelen und Götter. Die Einzigartigkeit der goldenen Beinschiene impliziert, dass dieses Stück den sozialen Status seines Besitzers repräsentierte; zudem könnte es ein mit spirituellen Kräften durchdrungenes Objekt gewesen sein, das eine besondere Behandlung erforderte. Es ist auch möglich, dass die Beinschiene keiner lebenden Person gehörte, sondern stattdessen als Teil einer Kultstatue versteckt worden ist.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used as a therapeutic tool in neurology and psychiatry. While repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) has been shown to induce plasticity of excitatory synapses, it is unclear whether rMS can also modify structural and functional properties of inhibitory inputs. Here we employed 10-Hz rMS of entorhinohippocampal slice cultures to study plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmission on CA1 pyramidal neurons. Our experiments reveal a rMS-induced reduction in GABAergic synaptic strength (2–4 h after stimulation), which is Ca2+-dependent and accompanied by the remodelling of postsynaptic gephyrin scaffolds. Furthermore, we present evidence that 10-Hz rMS predominantly acts on dendritic, but not somatic inhibition. Consistent with this finding, a reduction in clustered gephyrin is detected in CA1 stratum radiatum of rTMS-treated anaesthetized mice. These results disclose that rTMS induces coordinated Ca2+-dependent structural and functional changes of specific inhibitory postsynapses on principal neurons.