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The knowledge of the material budget with a high precision is fundamental for measurements of direct photon production using the photon conversion method due to its direct impact on the total systematic uncertainty. Moreover, it influences many aspects of the charged-particle reconstruction performance. In this article, two procedures to determine data-driven corrections to the material-budget description in ALICE simulation software are developed. One is based on the precise knowledge of the gas composition in the Time Projection Chamber. The other is based on the robustness of the ratio between the produced number of photons and charged particles, to a large extent due to the approximate isospin symmetry in the number of produced neutral and charged pions. Both methods are applied to ALICE data allowing for a reduction of the overall material budget systematic uncertainty from 4.5% down to 2.5%. Using these methods, a locally correct material budget is also achieved. The two proposed methods are generic and can be applied to any experiment in a similar fashion.
Measurements of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV at midrapidity with the ALICE detector are presented down to a transverse momentum (pT) of 0.2 GeV/c and up to pT=35 GeV/c, which is the largest momentum range probed for inclusive electron measurements in ALICE. In p−Pb collisions, the production cross section and the nuclear modification factor of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays are measured in the pT range 0.5<pT<26 GeV/c at sNN−−−√=8.16 TeV. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity within the statistical and systematic uncertainties. In both collision systems, first measurements of the yields of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in different multiplicity intervals normalised to the multiplicity-integrated yield (self-normalised yield) at midrapidity are reported as a function of the self-normalised charged-particle multiplicity estimated at midrapidity. The self-normalised yields in pp and p−Pb collisions grow faster than linear with the self-normalised multiplicity. A strong pT dependence is observed in pp collisions, where the yield of high-pT electrons increases faster as a function of multiplicity than the one of low-pT electrons. The measurement in p−Pb collisions shows no pT dependence within uncertainties. The self-normalised yields in pp and p−Pb collisions are compared with measurements of other heavy-flavour, light-flavour, and strange particles, and with Monte Carlo simulations.
Several major hypotheses have been proposed to explain and predict biological invasions, but the general applicability of these hypotheses is largely unknown, as most of them have not been evaluated using a standard approach across taxonomic groups and habitats. We offer such an evaluation for six selected leading hypotheses. Our global literature review reveals that those hypotheses that consider interactions of exotic invaders with their new environment (invasional meltdown, novel weapons, enemy release) are better supported by empirical evidence than other hypotheses (biotic resistance, island susceptibility, tens rule). We also show that empirical support for the six hypotheses has declined over time, and that support differs among taxonomic groups and habitats. Our results have implications for basic and applied research, policy making, and invasive species management, as their effectiveness depends on sound hypotheses.
Precise intensity monitoring at CRYRING@ESR: on designing a Cryogenic Current Comparator for FAIR
(2023)
In the field of today’s beam intensity diagnostic there is a significant gap in the non-interceptive, calibrated measurement of the absolute intensity of continuous (unbunched) dc beams with current amplitudes below 1 μA. At the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) low-intensity DC beams will occur during slow extraction from the synchrotrons as well as for coasting beams of highly-charged or exotic nuclei in the storage rings. The lack of adequate beam instrumentation limits the experimental program as well as the accuracy of experimental results.
The Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) can close the diagnostic gap with a high-precision dc current reading independent of ion-species and of beam parameters. However, the established detector design based on a core with high magnetic permeability and on a radial shield geometry has well-known weaknesses concerning magnetic shielding efficiency and intrinsic current noise. To eliminate these weaknesses, a novel coreless CCC with a co-axial shield was constructed and combined with a high-performance SQUID contributed by the Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT Jena). The new axial CCC model was compared to a radial CCC with the established design provided by the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena. According to numerical simulations prepared at TU Darmstadt and test measurements of the detectors in the laboratory, the new design offered a significant improvement of the shielding factor – from 75dB to 207dB at the required dimensions – and eliminated all noise contributions from the core material, promising an improved current resolution. Although the lower inductance of the pickup coil reduced the coupling to the beam significantly, the noise properties of the new CCC type were comparable to the classical version with a high-permeability core. However, the expected decrease of the low-frequency noise and thus an increase of the current resolution could not be observed at this stage of development.
Consequently, the classical CCC based on the radial shielding and high-permeability core had to be installed in CRYRING@ESR to provide best possible intensity measurements for the upcoming experimental campaign. In CRYRING the CCC was operated with beam currents between 1nA and 20μA and with different ion species (H, Ne, O, Pb, U). It was shown that the CCC provides a noise-limited current resolution of better than 3.2 nArms at a bandwidth of 200 kHz as well as a noise level below 40 pA/√Hz above 1 kHz. During the operation, the main noise sources of the accelerator environment had to be identified and suitable mitigation strategies were developed. Temperature and pressure fluctuations were suppressed with a newly-designed cryogenic support system based on a 70 l helium bath cryostat, developed and built in collaboration with the Institut für Luft- und Kältetechnik Dresden, in combination with a helium re-liquefier. The cryogenic operating time was restricted to around 7 days, which must be expanded significantly in the future. Digital filters were developed to remove the perturbations of the helium liquefier and of the neighboring dipole magnets. Given the promising results the CCC system can be considered as a prototype for future CCCs at FAIR.