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This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulation results for future measurements of the moduli of time-like proton electromagnetic form factors, |GE | and |GM|, using the ¯pp → μ+μ− reaction at PANDA (FAIR). The electromagnetic form factors are fundamental quantities parameterizing the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons. This work estimates the statistical and total accuracy with which the form factors can be measured at PANDA, using an analysis of simulated data within the PandaRoot software framework. The most crucial background channel is ¯pp → π+π−,due to the very similar behavior of muons and pions in the detector. The suppression factors are evaluated for this and all other relevant background channels at different values of antiproton beam momentum. The signal/background separation is based on a multivariate analysis, using the Boosted Decision Trees method. An expected background subtraction is included in this study, based on realistic angular distribuations of the background contribution. Systematic uncertainties are considered and the relative total uncertainties of the form factor measurements are presented.
The Born cross sections of the e+e− → D*+D*− and e+e− → D*+D− processes are measured using e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII experiment at center-of-mass energies from 4.085 to 4.600 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 15.7 fb−1. The results are consistent with and more precise than the previous measurements by the Belle, Babar and CLEO collaborations. The measurements are essential for understanding the nature of vector charmonium and charmonium-like states.
Though immensely successful, the standard model of particle physics does not offer any explanation as to why our Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter. A key to a dynamically generated matter–antimatter asymmetry is the existence of processes that violate the combined charge conjugation and parity (CP) symmetry1. As such, precision tests of CP symmetry may be used to search for physics beyond the standard model. However, hadrons decay through an interplay of strong and weak processes, quantified in terms of relative phases between the amplitudes. Although previous experiments constructed CP observables that depend on both strong and weak phases, we present an approach where sequential two-body decays of entangled multi-strange baryon–antibaryon pairs provide a separation between these phases. Our method, exploiting spin entanglement between the double-strange Ξ− baryon and its antiparticle2 Ξ¯+
, has enabled a direct determination of the weak-phase difference, (ξP − ξS) = (1.2 ± 3.4 ± 0.8) × 10−2 rad. Furthermore, three independent CP observables can be constructed from our measured parameters. The precision in the estimated parameters for a given data sample size is several orders of magnitude greater than achieved with previous methods3. Finally, we provide an independent measurement of the recently debated Λ decay parameter αΛ (refs. 4,5). The ΛΛ¯
asymmetry is in agreement with and compatible in precision to the most precise previous measurement.
Based on an e+e− collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at √s=3.773 GeV, the first amplitude analysis of the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay D+→K+K0Sπ0 is performed. From the amplitude analysis, the K∗(892)+K0S component is found to be dominant with a fraction of (57.1±2.6±4.2)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. In combination with the absolute branching fraction B(D+→K+K0Sπ0) measured by BESIII, we obtain B(D+→K∗(892)+K0S)=(8.69±0.40±0.64±0.51)×10−3, where the third uncertainty is due to the branching fraction B(D+→K+K0Sπ0). The precision of this result is significantly improved compared to the previous measurement. This result also differs from most of theoretical predictions by about 4σ, which may help to improve the understanding of the dynamics behind.
Using 10.1 × 109 J/ψ events produced by the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCII) at a center-of-mass energy √s = 3.097 GeV and collected with the BESIII detector, we present a search for the rare semi-leptonic decay J/ψ → D−e+νe + c.c. No excess of signal above background is observed, and an upper limit on the branching fraction ℬ(J/ψ → D−e+νe + c. c.) < 7.1 × 10−8 is obtained at 90% confidence level. This is an improvement of more than two orders of magnitude over the previous best limit.
Using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 taken at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV, we search for the Majorana neutrino (𝜈𝑚) in the lepton number violating decays 𝐷→𝐾𝜋𝑒+𝑒+. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limits on the branching fraction at the 90% confidence level are set to be ℬ(𝐷0→𝐾−𝜋−𝑒+𝑒+)<2.8×10−6, ℬ(𝐷+→𝐾0𝑆𝜋−𝑒+𝑒+)<3.3×10−6 and ℬ(𝐷+→𝐾−𝜋0𝑒+𝑒+)<8.5×10−6. The Majorana neutrino is searched for with different mass assumptions ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 GeV/𝑐2 in the decays 𝐷0→𝐾−𝑒+𝜈𝑚,𝜈𝑚→𝜋−𝑒+ and 𝐷+→𝐾0𝑆𝑒+𝜈𝑚,𝜈𝑚→𝜋−𝑒+, and the upper limits on the branching fraction at the 90% confidence level are at the level of 10−7∼10−6, depending on the mass of the Majorana neutrino. The constraints on the mixing matrix element |𝑉𝑒𝜈𝑚|2 are also evaluated.
he process e+e−→pK0Sn¯K−+c.c. and its intermediate processes are studied for the first time, using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII at center-of-mass energies of 3.773, 4.008, 4.226, 4.258, 4.358, 4.416, and 4.600 GeV, with a total integrated luminosity of 7.4 fb−1. The Born cross section of e+e−→pK0Sn¯K−+c.c. is measured at each center-of-mass energy, but no significant resonant structure in the measured cross-section line shape between 3.773 and 4.600 GeV is observed. No evident structure is detected in the pK−, nK0S, pK0S, nK+, pn¯, or K0SK− invariant mass distributions except for Λ(1520). The Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ(1520)n¯K0S+c.c. and e+e−→Λ(1520)p¯K++c.c. are measured, and the 90\% confidence level upper limits on the Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ(1520)Λ¯(1520) are determined at the seven center-of-mass energies.
There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESIII and B factories, and the observation of an intriguing proton-antiproton threshold enhancement and the possibly related X(1835) meson state at BESIII, as well as the threshold measurements of charm mesons and charm baryons.
We present a detailed survey of the important topics in tau-charm physics and hadron physics that can be further explored at BESIII during the remaining operation period of BEPCII. This survey will help in the optimization of the data-taking plan over the coming years, and provides physics motivation for the possible upgrade of BEPCII to higher luminosity.
We measure the Born cross sections of the process 𝑒+𝑒−→𝐾+𝐾−𝐾+𝐾− at center-of-mass (c.m.) energies, √𝑠, between 2.100 and 3.080 GeV. The data were collected using the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. An enhancement at √𝑠=2.232 GeV is observed, very close to the 𝑒+𝑒−→Λ¯Λ production threshold. A similar enhancement at the same c.m. energy is observed in the 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝐾+𝐾− cross section. The energy dependence of the 𝐾+𝐾−𝐾+𝐾− and 𝜙𝐾+𝐾− cross sections differs significantly from that of 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜙𝜋+𝜋−.
We study the hadronic decays of Λ+c to the final states Σ+η and Σ+η′, using an e+e− annihilation data sample of 567 pb−1 taken at a center-of-mass energy of 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. We find evidence for the decays Λ+c→Σ+η and Σ+η′ with statistical significance of 2.5σ and 3.2σ, respectively. Normalizing to the reference decays Λ+c→Σ+π0 and Σ+ω, we obtain the ratios of the branching fractions B(Λ+c→Σ+η)B(Λ+c→Σ+π0) and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)B(Λ+c→Σ+ω) to be 0.35±0.16±0.03 and 0.86±0.34±0.07, respectively. The upper limits at the 90\% confidence level are set to be B(Λ+c→Σ+η)B(Λ+c→Σ+π0)<0.58 and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)B(Λ+c→Σ+ω)<1.2. Using BESIII measurements of the branching fractions of the reference decays, we determine B(Λ+c→Σ+η)=(0.41±0.19±0.05)% (<0.68%) and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)=(1.34±0.53±0.21)% (<1.9%). Here, the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The obtained branching fraction of Λ+c→Σ+η is consistent with the previous measurement, and the branching fraction of Λ+c→Σ+η′ is measured for the first time.
Using 448.1 × 106 ψ(3686) decays collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e+e− storage rings, the branching fractions and angular distributions of the decays χcJ → Ξ−Ξ¯¯¯¯+ and Ξ0Ξ¯¯¯¯0 (J = 0, 1, 2) are measured based on a partial-reconstruction technique. The decays χc1 → Ξ0Ξ¯¯¯¯0 and χc2 → Ξ0Ξ¯¯¯¯0 are observed for the first time with statistical significances of 7σ and 15σ, respectively. The results of this analysis are in good agreement with previous measurements and have significantly improved precision.
Observation of 𝜒𝑐𝐽→Λ¯Λ𝜂
(2022)
By analyzing (448.1±2.9)×106 𝜓(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the decays of 𝜒𝑐𝐽→Λ
¯Λ𝜂 (𝐽=0, 1, and 2) are observed for the first time with statistical significances of 13.9𝜎, 6.7𝜎, and 8.2𝜎, respectively. The product branching fractions of 𝜓(3686)→𝛾𝜒𝑐𝐽 and 𝜒𝑐𝐽→Λ¯Λ𝜂 are measured. Dividing by the world averages of the branching fractions of 𝜓(3686)→𝛾𝜒𝑐𝐽, the branching fractions of 𝜒𝑐𝐽→Λ¯Λ𝜂 decays are determined to be (2.31±0.30±0.21)×10−4, (5.86±1.38±0.68)×10−5, and (1.05±0.21±0.15)×10−4 for 𝐽=0, 1 and 2, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
A measurement of the 𝐶𝑃-even fraction of the decay 𝐷0→𝜋+𝜋−𝜋+𝜋− is performed with a quantum-correlated 𝜓(3770)→𝐷¯𝐷 data sample collected by the BESIII experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1. Using a combination of 𝐶𝑃 eigenstates, 𝐷→𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0 and 𝐷→𝐾0𝑆,𝐿𝜋+𝜋− as tagging modes, the 𝐶𝑃-even fraction is measured to be 𝐹4𝜋+=0.735±0.015±0.005, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This is the most precise determination of this quantity to date. It provides valuable model-independent input for the measurement of the angle 𝛾 of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix with 𝐵±→𝐷𝐾± decays, and for time-dependent studies of 𝐶𝑃 violation and mixing in the 𝐷0−¯𝐷0 system.
Measurement of the absolute branching fraction of the singly Cabibbo suppressed decay Λc⁺ → pη′
(2022)
The singly Cabibbo suppressed decay Λ+𝑐→𝑝𝜂′ is measured using 4.5 fb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.600 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. Evidence for Λ+𝑐→𝑝𝜂′ with a statistical significance of 3.6𝜎 is reported with a double-tag approach. The Λ+𝑐→𝑝𝜂′ absolute branching fraction is determined to be (5.62+2.46−2.04±0.26)×10−4, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. Our result is consistent with the branching fraction obtained by the Belle collaboration within the uncertainty of 1𝜎.
Using 15.6 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected at twenty-four center-of-mass energies from 4.0 to 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector, the helicity amplitudes of the process e+e− → π+π−ω are analyzed for the first time. Born cross section measurements of two-body intermediate resonance states with statistical significance greater than 5σ are presented, such as f0(500), f0(980), f2(1270), f0(1370), b1(1235)±, and ρ(1450)±. In addition, evidence of a resonance state in e+e− → π+π−ω production is found. The mass of this state obtained by line shape fitting is about 4.2 GeV/c2, which is consistent with the production of ψ(4160) or Y(4220).
Using a data sample of (1.0087±0.0044)×1010 𝐽/𝜓 decay events collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy of √𝑠=3.097 GeV, we present a search for the hyperon semileptonic decay Ξ0→Σ−𝑒+𝜈𝑒 which violates the Δ𝑆=Δ𝑄 rule. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction ℬ(Ξ0→Σ−𝑒+𝜈𝑒) is determined to be 1.6×10−4 at the 90% confidence level. This result improves the previous upper limit result by about one order of magnitude.
We report a measurement of the cross section for the process e+e−→π+π−J/ψ around the X(3872) mass in search for the direct formation of e+e−→X(3872) through the two-photon fusion process. No enhancement of the cross section is observed at the X(3872) peak and an upper limit on the product of electronic width and branching fraction of X(3872)→π+π−J/ψ is determined to be Γee×B(X(3872)→π+π−J/ψ)<7.5×10−3eV at 90% confidence level under an assumption of total width of 1.19±0.21 MeV. This is an improvement of a factor of about 17 compared to the previous limit. Furthermore, using the latest result of B(X(3872)→π+π−J/ψ), an upper limit on the electronic width Γee of X(3872) is obtained to be <0.32eV at the 90% confidence level.
Observation of ηc(2S) → 3(π⁺π⁻) and measurements of χcJ → 3(π⁺π⁻) in ψ(3686) radiative transitions
(2022)
The hadronic decay 𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)→3(𝜋+𝜋−) is observed with a statistical significance of 9.3 standard deviations using (448.1±2.9)×106 𝜓(3686) events collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The measured mass and width of 𝜂𝑐(2𝑆) are (3643.4±2.3 (stat)±4.4 (syst)) MeV/𝑐2 and (19.8±3.9 (stat)±3.1 (syst)) MeV, respectively, which are consistent with the world average values within two standard deviations. The product branching fraction ℬ[𝜓(3686)→𝛾𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)]×ℬ[𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)→3(𝜋+𝜋−)] is measured to be (9.2±1.0 (stat)±1.2 (syst))×10−6. Using ℬ[𝜓(3686)→𝛾𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)]=(7.0+3.4−2.5)×10−4, we obtain ℬ[𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)→3(𝜋+𝜋−)]=(1.31±0.15 (stat)±0.17 (syst) (+0.64−0.47) (extr))×10−2, where the third uncertainty is from ℬ[𝜓(3686)→𝛾𝜂𝑐(2𝑆)]. We also measure the 𝜒𝑐𝐽→3(𝜋+𝜋−) (𝐽=0, 1, 2) decays via 𝜓′→𝛾𝜒𝑐𝐽 transitions. The branching fractions are ℬ[𝜒𝑐0→3(𝜋+𝜋−)]=(2.080±0.006 (stat)±0.068 (syst))×10−2, ℬ[𝜒𝑐1→3(𝜋+𝜋−)]=(1.092±0.004 (stat)±0.035 (syst))×10−2, and ℬ[𝜒𝑐2→3(𝜋+𝜋−)]=(1.565±0.005 (stat)±0.048 (syst))×10−2.
A search for a massless dark photon 𝛾′ is conducted using 4.5 fb−1 of 𝑒+𝑒− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.600 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction ℬ(Λ+𝑐→𝑝𝛾′) is determined to be 8.0×10−5 at 90% confidence level.
Based on (10087±44)×106 𝐽/𝜓 events collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, the double Dalitz decay 𝜂′→𝑒+𝑒−𝑒+𝑒− is observed for the first time via the 𝐽/𝜓→𝛾𝜂′ decay process. The significance is found to be 5.7𝜎 with systematic uncertainties taken into consideration. Its branching fraction is determined to be ℬ(𝜂′→𝑒+𝑒−𝑒+𝑒−)=(4.5±1.0(stat)±0.5(sys))×10−6.