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Die Prognose für Patienten mit hepatisch metastasierten kolorektalen Karzinomen ist weiterhin sehr heterogen und hängt von Anzahl, Größe und Lokalisation der Metastasen ab. Neben potentiell kurativer Metastasenchirurgie und palliativer Chemotherapie stehen zunehmend lokal ablative Verfahren (LITT/Kryotherapie/RFA) zur Verfügung. Die LITT arbeitet nach dem Prinzip einer hitzebasierten Tumorkoagulation, wobei Laserappliaktoren innerhalb gekühlter Hüllkatheter in bzw. nahe der zu abladierenden Läsion platziert werden und unter Abgabe von Licht im NIR-Bereich eine Gewebeerwärmung induzieren. Die Prozesskontrolle wird durch schnelle T1 gewichtete Gradientenechosequenzen im MRT gewährleistet. Die in vitro und ex vivo Experimente dieser Arbeit konnten den linearen Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur und MR-Signalintensität in verschiedenen Modellen sowie an unterschiedlichen Geräten demonstrieren. Die zwischen November 1999 und Februar 2001 abladierten 580 Läsionen wurden in 10 verschiedenen Gruppen, abhängig von den resultierenden Nekrosevolumina, eingeteilt. Anschließend wurden die zugehörigen mittleren, minimalen und maximalen Energiemengen sowie die Standardabweichungen ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass keine prädiktiv verwertbare Aussage über die Läsions- beziehungsweise die Nekrosegröße sowie die notwendige Laserenergie erhältlich ist. Die mediane Überlebenszeit im untersuchten Kollektiv betrug 22 Monate, die mittlere Überlebenszeit betrug 29,4 Monate. Mit p<0,05 im Log-Rank-Test ergab sich ein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil für: 1. Patienten, die trotz chirurgisch bestätigter Operabilität die Operation ablehnen 2. Patienten mit maximalen Tumordiametern von bis zu 1 cm Durchmesser Die Lokalrezidivrate im untersuchten Kollektiv betrug 0 %. Auf Grund der bei unterschiedlichen Lokalrezidivraten bei teilweise vergleichbaren Überlebensraten sollten lokal ablative Therapieverfahren einem weitergehenden, studienbasierten Vergleich unterzogen werden.
Insertion of bone substitution materials accelerates healing of osteoporotic fractures. Biodegradable materials are preferred for application in osteoporotic patients to avoid a second surgery for implant replacement. Degraded implant fragments are often absorbed by macrophages that are removed from the fracture side via passage through veins or lymphatic vessels. We investigated if lymphatic vessels occur in osteoporotic bone defects and whether they are regulated by the use of different materials. To address this issue osteoporosis was induced in rats using the classical method of bilateral ovariectomy and additional calcium and vitamin deficient diet. In addition, wedge-shaped defects of 3, 4, or 5 mm were generated in the distal metaphyseal area of femur via osteotomy. The 4 mm defects were subsequently used for implantation studies where bone substitution materials of calcium phosphate cement, composites of collagen and silica, and iron foams with interconnecting pores were inserted. Different materials were partly additionally functionalized by strontium or bisphosphonate whose positive effects in osteoporosis treatment are well known. The lymphatic vessels were identified by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against podoplanin. Podoplanin immunopositive lymphatic vessels were detected in the granulation tissue filling the fracture gap, surrounding the implant and growing into the iron foam through its interconnected pores. Significant more lymphatic capillaries were counted at the implant interface of composite, strontium and bisphosphonate functionalized iron foam. A significant increase was also observed in the number of lymphatics situated in the pores of strontium coated iron foam. In conclusion, our results indicate the occurrence of lymphatic vessels in osteoporotic bone. Our results show that lymphatic vessels are localized at the implant interface and in the fracture gap where they might be involved in the removal of lymphocytes, macrophages, debris and the implants degradation products. Therefore the lymphatic vessels are involved in implant integration and fracture healing.
Three new species of the genus Carychium O.F. Müller, 1773, Carychium hardiei Jochum & Weigand, sp. n., Carychium belizeense Jochum & Weigand, sp. n. and Carychium zarzaae Jochum & Weigand, sp. n. are described from the Southeastern United States, Belize and Panama, respectively. In two consecutive molecular phylogenetic studies of worldwide members of Carychiidae, the North and Central American morphospecies Carychium mexicanum Pilsbry, 1891 and Carychium costaricanum E. von Martens, 1898 were found to consist of several evolutionary lineages. Although the related lineages were found to be molecularly distinct from the two nominal species, the consequential morphological and taxonomic assessment of these lineages is still lacking. In the present paper, the shells of these uncovered Carychium lineages are assessed by comparing them with those of related species, using computer tomography for the first time for this genus. The interior diagnostic characters are emphasized, such as columellar configuration in conjunction with the columellar lamella and their relationship in context of the entire shell. These taxa are morphologically described and formally assigned their own names.
The present study aims to clarify the confused taxonomy of Z. schaufussi von Frauenfeld, 1862 and Zospeum suarezi Gittenberger, 1980. Revision of Iberian Zospeum micro snails is severely hindered by uncertainties regarding the identity of the oldest Iberian Zospeum species, Z. schaufussi von Frauenfeld, 1862. In this paper, we clarify its taxonomic status by designating a lectotype from the original syntype series and by describing its internal and external shell morphology. Using SEM-EDX, we attempt to identify the area of the type locality cave more precisely than "a cave in Spain". The shell described and illustrated by Gittenberger (1980) as Z. schaufussi appears not to be conspecific with the lectotype shell, and is considered a separate species, Z. gittenbergeri Jochum, Prieto & De Winter, sp. n.
Zospeum suarezi was described from various caves in NW Spain. Study of the type material reveals that these shells are not homogenous in shell morphology. The holotype shell of Z. suarezi is imaged here for the first time. The paratype shell, illustrated by Gittenberger (1980) from a distant, second cave, is described as Zospeum praetermissum Jochum, Prieto & De Winter, sp. n. The shell selected here as lectotype of Z. schaufussi, was also considered a paratype of Z. suarezi by Gittenberger (1980). Since this specimen is morphologically very similar to topotypic shells of Z. suarezi, the latter species is considered a junior synonym of Z. schaufussi (syn. n.). The internal shell morphology of all these taxa is described and illustrated using X-ray Micro Computer Tomography (Micro-CT).