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Je näher man die gesellschaftliche Realität betrachtet, je genauer die Momentaufnahmen werden, die eine Kameralinse von der uns umgebenden Wirklichkeit macht, desto fremder und seltsamer erscheint diese Wirklichkeit. Der „Neue Deutsche Film“ oder „Autorenfilm“ ab den 1960er Jahren um die Filmemacher Alexander Kluge, Wim Wenders, Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Rainer Werner Fassbinder und andere, reagierte auf diese Feststellung radikal kritisch: Die meisten Filme hätten nur ein „mittleres Verkehrsinteresse“ an der Wirklichkeit und wären vor allem der ökonomischen Produktionssituation geschuldet (Kluge 1975a, 116). Ein wirklich zeitkritischer Dokumentarfilm müsste daher ganz anders vorgehen, als bisher. Kluge schreibt 1975: „Wir sind der Ansicht, dass alle Beteiligten ihr Öffentlichkeits- und Realismuskonzept an diesem Film überprüfen könnten“ (Gassen 2007). Gemeint ist der Film IN GEFAHR UND GRÖSSTER NOT BRINGT DER MITTELWEG DEN TOD, eine Zusammenarbeit von Alexander Kluge und Edgar Reitz aus dem Jahr 1974. Die Filmemacher entwickeln darin verschiedene Methoden einer Analyse des Verhältnisses von Individuen zu Geschichte und Gesellschaft und entwerfen exemplarisch die Leitgedanken der Arbeit Alexander Kluges der 1970er Jahre: subversive Sprachkritik, das Konzept des filmischen Realismus, die sogenannte „Protestarbeit“, und die Karl Marx entlehnte „Sinnlichkeit der Wahrnehmung“.
Aims: We investigated N471D WASH complex subunit strumpellin (Washc5) knock-in and Washc5 knock-out mice as models for hereditary spastic paraplegia type 8 (SPG8). Methods: We generated heterozygous and homozygous N471D Washc5 knock-in mice and subjected them to a comprehensive clinical, morphological and laboratory parameter screen, and gait analyses. Brain tissue was used for proteomic analysis. Furthermore, we generated heterozygous Washc5 knock-out mice. WASH complex subunit strumpellin expression was determined by qPCR and immunoblotting. Results: Homozygous N471D Washc5 knock-in mice showed mild dilated cardiomyopathy, decreased acoustic startle reactivity, thinner eye lenses, increased alkaline phosphatase and potassium levels and increased white blood cell counts. Gait analyses revealed multiple aberrations indicative of locomotor instability. Similarly, the clinical chemistry, haematology and gait parameters of heterozygous mice also deviated from the values expected for healthy animals, albeit to a lesser extent. Proteomic analysis of brain tissue depicted consistent upregulation of BPTF and downregulation of KLHL11 in heterozygous and homozygous knock-in mice. WASHC5-related protein interaction partners and complexes showed no change in abundancies. Heterozygous Washc5 knock-out mice showing normal WASHC5 levels could not be bred to homozygosity. Conclusions: While biallelic ablation of Washc5 was prenatally lethal, expression of N471D mutated WASHC5 led to several mild clinical and laboratory parameter abnormalities, but not to a typical SPG8 phenotype. The consistent upregulation of BPTF and downregulation of KLHL11 suggest mechanistic links between the expression of N471D mutated WASHC5 and the roles of both proteins in neurodegeneration and protein quality control, respectively.
Movement of organisms is one of the key mechanisms shaping biodiversity, e.g. the distribution of genes, individuals and species in space and time. Recent technological and conceptual advances have improved our ability to assess the causes and consequences of individual movement, and led to the emergence of the new field of ‘movement ecology’. Here, we outline how movement ecology can contribute to the broad field of biodiversity research, i.e. the study of processes and patterns of life among and across different scales, from genes to ecosystems, and we propose a conceptual framework linking these hitherto largely separated fields of research. Our framework builds on the concept of movement ecology for individuals, and demonstrates its importance for linking individual organismal movement with biodiversity. First, organismal movements can provide ‘mobile links’ between habitats or ecosystems, thereby connecting resources, genes, and processes among otherwise separate locations. Understanding these mobile links and their impact on biodiversity will be facilitated by movement ecology, because mobile links can be created by different modes of movement (i.e., foraging, dispersal, migration) that relate to different spatiotemporal scales and have differential effects on biodiversity. Second, organismal movements can also mediate coexistence in communities, through ‘equalizing’ and ‘stabilizing’ mechanisms. This novel integrated framework provides a conceptual starting point for a better understanding of biodiversity dynamics in light of individual movement and space-use behavior across spatiotemporal scales. By illustrating this framework with examples, we argue that the integration of movement ecology and biodiversity research will also enhance our ability to conserve diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.