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The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
Introduction: Recent animal studies have shown that the alternate renin-angiotensin system (RAS) consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) and the Mas receptor is upregulated in cirrhosis and contributes to splanchnic vasodilatation and portal hypertension. To determine the potential relevance of these findings to human liver disease, we evaluated its expression and relationship to the patients’ clinical status in subjects with cirrhosis. Methods: Blood sampling from peripheral and central vascular beds was performed intra-operatively for cirrhotic patients at the time of liver transplantation (LT) or trans-jugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures to measure angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1–7) peptide levels and ACE and ACE2 enzyme activity. Relevant clinical and hemodynamic data were recorded pre-operatively for all subjects and peripheral blood sampling was repeated 3 months or later post-operatively. Results: Ang-(1–-7) and ACE2 activity were up-regulated more than twofold in cirrhotic subjects both at the time of LT and TIPS and levels returned to comparable levels as control subjects post-transplantation. Ang-(1–7) levels correlated positively with the degree of liver disease severity, as measured by the model for an end-stage liver disease (MELD) and also with clinical parameters of pathological vasodilatation including cardiac output (CO). There were strong correlations found between the ACE2:ACE and the Ang-(1–7):Ang II ratio highlighting the inter-dependence of the alternate and classical arms of the RAS and thus their potential impact on vascular tone. Conclusions: In human cirrhosis, the alternate RAS is markedly upregulated and the activation of this system is associated strongly with features of the hyperdynamic circulation in advanced human cirrhosis.
We present the first measurements of charge-dependent correlations on angular difference variables η1 − η2 (pseudorapidity) and φ1 − φ2 (azimuth) for primary charged hadrons with transverse momentum 0.15 <= pt <= 2 GeV/c and |η| <= 1.3 from Au–Au collisions at √sNN = 130 GeV. We observe correlation structures not predicted by theory but consistent with evolution of hadron emission geometry with increasing centrality from one-dimensional fragmentation of color strings along the beam direction to an at least two-dimensional hadronization geometry along the beam and azimuth directions of a hadron-opaque bulk medium.
In this paper, we estimate the demand for homeowner insurance in Florida. Since we are interested in a number of factors influencing demand, we approach the problem from two directions. We first estimate two hedonic equations representing the premium per contract and the price mark-up. We analyze how the contracts are bundled and how contract provisions, insurer characteristics and insured risk characteristics and demographics influence the premium per contract and the price mark-up. Second, we estimate the demand for homeowners insurance using two-stage least squares regression. We employ ISO's indicated loss costs as our proxy for real insurance services demanded. We assume that the demand for coverage is essentially a joint demand and thus we can estimate the demand for catastrophe coverage separately from the demand for noncatastrophe coverage. We determine that price elasticities are less elastic for catastrophic coverage than for non-catastrophic coverage. Further estimated income elasticities suggest that homeowners insurance is an inferior good. Finally, we conclude based on the results of a selection model that our sample of ISO reporting companies well represents the demand for insurance in the Florida market as a whole.
Der Terminus Ausdruck entwickelt sich (ebenso wie l'espressione, the expression, l'expression) zwischen 1700 und 1850 schrittweise zu jenem anthropologisch, künstlerisch und naturwissenschaftlich besetzten Begriffsfeld, dessen epistemischer Höhepunkt erst im späten 19. und in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts erreicht wird. Gerade den praktischen und diskursiven Veränderungen der verschiedenen Ausdruckskulturen während dieser mindestens eineinhalb Jahrhunderte umfassenden Formationszeit des Begriffs soll diese Zusammenstellung von insgesamt zehn Aufsätzen im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Gedankenaustausches zwischen Kunst-, Musik- und Literaturwissenschaft sowie Philosophie-, Wissenschafts- und Kulturgeschichte nachgehen.
Die von älteren Untersuchungen aufgrund der mangelnden Berücksichtigung ihres wissensgeschichtlichen Umfelds insgesamt verkannte Bedeutung der Engelschen Abhandlung liegt in ihrer bei den Zeitgenossen so nicht anzutreffenden Systematisierung einer seit der Mitte des Jahrhunderts nicht mehr allein auf den Vorgang adäquater Darstellung zu reduzierenden, zugleich aber zunehmend unscharf verwendeten Terminologie. Dabei bettet sie den Ausdrucksbegriff – als einen charakteristischen Sonderfall, wie auch als Gegenstück zur Malerei – in einen durch die Auflösung von Rhetorik und Affektenlehre geprägten psycho-physischen und anthropologischen Diskussionszusammenhang ein, während seine musikalische Umsetzung zugleich zum Vorbild für weitere "energische Künste" wie Deklamation, Tanz oder Pantomime avanciert. In Engels Arbeit und ihrem diskursiven Umfeld ist die gleichzeitige Verwendung und textuelle Näherung zweier Begriffsfelder zu beobachten, die sich im 19. Jahrhundert zu dem diskursmächtigen Terminus der "Ausdrucksbewegung" vereinigen werden: Parallel zur Diskussion des schrittweise subjektivierten Verhältnisses von Ausdruck und Malerei wird auch die kinetische Metapher der »Bewegung« von Engel als Vermittlung zwischen einem physischen, u. a. dem Verlauf von Tönen entsprechendem Vorgang und seiner seelischen Wirkung auf den Rezipienten bemüht. Engels Bestreben, seine Ideen an einem breitgefächerten Repertoire zu illustrieren, das sich von Arien Grauns und Hasses über die opéra comique und das Singspiel bis hin zum durch seine Verbindung von Schauspiel und Musik neuartigen Melodram erstreckt, verleiht seinen ästhetischen Überlegungen durch den ersichtlichen Kontakt mit der künstlerischen Praxis dabei zusätzliches argumentatives Gewicht.
In einer fast beiläufig formulierten Bemerkung zur Methode seiner Passagenarbeit spricht Benjamin von der "Notwendigkeit, während vieler Jahre scharf auf jedes zufällige Zitat, jede flüchtige Erwähnung eines Buches hinzuhören" (GS V, 587). Dass – wie in nicht wenigen Prosaminiaturen der Berliner Kindheit – auch für die aufwendige Zusammenstellung der Exzerpte eine ohrenfällige Metapher zur Anwendung gelangt, unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, sich mit der Bedeutung musikalisch-akustischer Impressionen für seine Vermittlung von Traum, Mythos, Bild und Warenwelt zu befassen. Das bisherige Desinteresse an einem solchen Versuch teilt die kaum mehr überschaubare Benjamin-Exegese mit der musikologischen Literatur, deren Zurückhaltung indessen recht einfach zu erklären ist: Die aus ihrer Sicht für eine musikgeschichtliche Kontextualisierung des Dioramas oder die ästhetischen Konsequenzen des 'Chocks' in Frage kommenden Komponisten werden in der Passagenarbeit fast sämtlich übergangen. Als die intellektuellen Residuen der Hauptstadt des 19. Jahrhunderts kompilierender Flaneur und Chiffonnier ist Benjamin nur bis in die vom Boulevard Haussmann verdrängte Passage de l'Opéra gelangt, deren vom allmählichen Verfall geprägte Atmosphäre schon Aragon zu den subjektiv-surrealistischen Visionen seines Paysan de Paris inspirierte. Was sich innerhalb der Pariser Musiktheater ereignete, findet mit einer Ausnahme sein Interesse hingegen ebenso wenig, wie die Musikforschung die sich in den Bühnenwerken Aubers, Meyerbeers oder Halevys manifestierende "Verstädterung der Oper" ohne eine nennenswerte Auseinandersetzung mit dem Passagenprojekt untersuchte. Und während dessen 1935 verfasstes Exposé die Namen Offenbach und Wagner immerhin im Kontext der ironischen Utopie des Weltausstellungstaumels oder Baudelaires mit dem Gesamtkunstwerk assoziierter Flucht vor dem gesellschaftlichen Dasein der Künste8 erwähnt, fehlt der gerade für die musikalische Umsetzung der von Benjamin als zentrale Erkenntnisquelle erachteten Dialektik von "Traum" und "Erwachen" (vgl. z. B. 490–510, 579–580) unverzichtbare Hector Berlioz. Hier verbirgt sich – denkt man an Werke wie die Symphonie Fantastique, Lelio oder Harold en Italie – eine auch von der Berlioz-Literatur noch gänzlich unbeachtete Konstellation. Benjamins Einbindung eines kompositorischen Zeitgenossen in eine divergente Gedankenstränge zusammenführende Metapher oder ein "dialektisches Bild" erfordert demgegenüber eine präzise Kontextualisierung: So erscheinen in einer der mythologisierenden Eisenbahnepisoden Orpheus, Eurydike und Hermes auf dem Bahnsteig, wo eine sich aus dem aufgetürmten Gepäck formende Kofferkrypta die zum Melodram geronnene antike Urgeschichte christlich sublimiert (512).
Enhanced labeling density and whole-cell 3D dSTORM imaging by repetitive labeling of target proteins
(2018)
With continuing advances in the resolving power of super-resolution microscopy, the inefficient labeling of proteins with suitable fluorophores becomes a limiting factor. For example, the low labeling density achieved with antibodies or small molecule tags limits attempts to reveal local protein nano-architecture of cellular compartments. On the other hand, high laser intensities cause photobleaching within and nearby an imaged region, thereby further reducing labeling density and impairing multi-plane whole-cell 3D super-resolution imaging. Here, we show that both labeling density and photobleaching can be addressed by repetitive application of trisNTA-fluorophore conjugates reversibly binding to a histidine-tagged protein by a novel approach called single-epitope repetitive imaging (SERI). For single-plane super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that, after multiple rounds of labeling and imaging, the signal density is increased. Using the same approach of repetitive imaging, washing and re-labeling, we demonstrate whole-cell 3D super-resolution imaging compensated for photobleaching above or below the imaging plane. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that repetitive labeling of histidine-tagged proteins provides a versatile solution to break the "labeling barrier" and to bypass photobleaching in multi-plane, whole-cell 3D experiments.
Accurate labeling of endogenous proteins for advanced light microscopy in living cells remains challenging. Nanobodies have been widely used for antigen labeling, visualization of subcellular protein localization and interactions. To facilitate an expanded application, we present a scalable and high-throughput strategy to simultaneously target multiple endogenous proteins in living cells with micro- to nanometer resolution. For intracellular protein labeling, we advanced nanobodies by site-specific and stoichiometric attachment of bright organic fluorophores. Their fast and fine-tuned intracellular transfer by microfluidic cell squeezing enabled high-throughput delivery with less than 10% dead cells. This strategy allowed for the dual-color imaging of distinct endogenous cellular structures, and culminated in super-resolution imaging of native protein networks in genetically non-modified living cells. The simultaneous delivery of multiple engineered nanobodies does not only offer exciting prospects for multiplexed imaging of endogenous protein, but also holds potential for visualizing native cellular structures with unprecedented accuracy.
Background: There is absence of specific biomarkers and an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods and findings: Eighty-eight vitreous samples (73 from patients with treatment naïve AMD and 15 control samples from patients with idiopathic floaters) were analyzed with capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in this retrospective case series to define potential candidate protein markers of AMD. Nineteen proteins were found to be upregulated in vitreous of AMD patients. Most of the proteins were plasma derived and involved in biological (ion) transport, acute phase inflammatory reaction, and blood coagulation. A number of proteins have not been previously associated to AMD including alpha-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen alpha chain and prostaglandin H2-D isomerase. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was validated in vitreous of an independent set of AMD patients using Western blot analysis. Further systems biology analysis of the data indicated that the observed proteomic changes may reflect upregulation of immune response and complement activity.
Conclusions: Proteome analysis of vitreous samples from patients with AMD, which underwent an intravitreal combination therapy including a core vitrectomy, steroids and bevacizumab, revealed apparent AMD-specific proteomic changes. The identified AMD-associated proteins provide some insight into the pathophysiological changes associated with AMD.