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The Born cross sections of the e+e− → +¯ − and e+e− → −¯ + processes are determined for centerof-mass energy from 2.3864 to 3.0200 GeV with the BESIII detector. The cross section lineshapes can be described properly by a pQCD function and the resulting ratio of effective form factors for the + and − is consistent with 3. In addition, ratios of the + electric and magnetic form factors, |GE /GM |, are obtained at three center-of-mass energies through an analysis of the angular distributions. These measurements, which are studied for the first time in the off-resonance region, provide precision experimental input for understanding baryonic structure. The observed new features of the ± form factors require more theoretical discussions for the hyperons.
Using a data sample of 448.1 × 106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we report the first observation of the electromagnetic Dalitz decay ψ(3686) → η e+e−, with significances of 7.0σ and 6.3σ when reconstructing the η meson via its decay modes η → γπ+π− and η → π+π−η (η → γγ ), respectively. The weighted average branching fraction is determined to be B(ψ(3686) → η e+e−) = (1.90 ± 0.25 ± 0.11) × 10−6, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.
Background: After focal neuronal injury the endocannabinioid system becomes activated and protects or harms neurons depending on cannabinoid derivates and receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a central role in controlling local responses and influencing neural plasticity and survival. However, little is known about the functional relevance of eCBs in long-range projection damage as observed in stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: In rat organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) as a relevant and suitable model for investigating projection fibers in the CNS we performed perforant pathway transection (PPT) and subsequently analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of eCB levels. This approach allows proper distinction of responses in originating neurons (entorhinal cortex), areas of deafferentiation/anterograde axonal degeneration (dentate gyrus) and putative changes in more distant but synaptically connected subfields (cornu ammonis (CA) 1 region).
Results: Using LC-MS/MS, we measured a strong increase in arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the denervation zone (dentate gyrus) 24 hours post lesion (hpl), whereas entorhinal cortex and CA1 region exhibited little if any changes. NAPE-PLD, responsible for biosynthesis of eCBs, was increased early, whereas FAAH, a catabolizing enzyme, was up-regulated 48hpl.
Conclusion: Neuronal damage as assessed by transection of long-range projections apparently provides a strong time-dependent and area-confined signal for de novo synthesis of eCB, presumably to restrict neuronal damage. The present data underlines the importance of activation of the eCB system in CNS pathologies and identifies a novel site-specific intrinsic regulation of eCBs after long-range projection damage.
BACKGROUND: The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) acts as a retrograde messenger and modulates synaptic signaling e. g. in the hippocampus. 2-AG also exerts neuroprotective effects under pathological situations. To better understand the mechanism beyond physiological signaling we used Organotypic Entorhino-Hippocampal Slice Cultures (OHSC) and investigated the temporal regulation of 2-AG in different cell subsets during excitotoxic lesion and dendritic lesion of long range projections in the enthorhinal cortex (EC), dentate gyrus (DG) and the cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1).
RESULTS: 2-AG levels were elevated 24 h after excitotoxic lesion in CA1 and DG (but not EC) and 24 h after perforant pathway transection (PPT) in the DG only. After PPT diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL) protein, the synthesizing enzyme of 2-AG was decreased when Dagl mRNA expression and 2-AG levels were enhanced. In contrast to DAGL, the 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) showed no alterations in total protein and mRNA expression after PPT in OHSC. MAGL immunoreaction underwent a redistribution after PPT and excitotoxic lesion since MAGL IR disappeared in astrocytes of lesioned OHSC. DAGL and MAGL immunoreactions were not detectable in microglia at all investigated time points. Thus, induction of the neuroprotective endocannabinoid 2-AG might be generally accomplished by down-regulation of MAGL in astrocytes after neuronal lesions.
CONCLUSION: Increase in 2-AG levels during secondary neuronal damage reflects a general neuroprotective mechanism since it occurred independently in both different lesion models. This intrinsic up-regulation of 2-AG is synergistically controlled by DAGL and MAGL in neurons and astrocytes and thus represents a protective system for neurons that is involved in dendritic reorganisation.
BIOfid is a specialized information service currently being developed to mobilize biodiversity data dormant in printed historical and modern literature and to offer a platform for open access journals on the science of biodiversity. Our team of librarians, computer scientists and biologists produce high-quality text digitizations, develop new text-mining tools and generate detailed ontologies enabling semantic text analysis and semantic search by means of user-specific queries. In a pilot project we focus on German publications on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants, birds, moths and butterflies extending back to the Linnaeus period about 250 years ago. The three organism groups have been selected according to current demands of the relevant research community in Germany. The text corpus defined for this purpose comprises over 400 volumes with more than 100,000 pages to be digitized and will be complemented by journals from other digitization projects, copyright-free and project-related literature. With TextImager (Natural Language Processing & Text Visualization) and TextAnnotator (Discourse Semantic Annotation) we have already extended and launched tools that focus on the text-analytical section of our project. Furthermore, taxonomic and anatomical ontologies elaborated by us for the taxa prioritized by the project’s target group - German institutions and scientists active in biodiversity research - are constantly improved and expanded to maximize scientific data output. Our poster describes the general workflow of our project ranging from literature acquisition via software development, to data availability on the BIOfid web portal (http://biofid.de/), and the implementation into existing platforms which serve to promote global accessibility of biodiversity data.
With the ongoing loss of global biodiversity, long-term recordings of species distribution patterns are increasingly becoming important to investigate the causes and consequences for their change. Therefore, the digitization of scientific literature, both modern and historical, has been attracting growing attention in recent years. To meet this growing demand the Specialised Information Service for Biodiversity Research (BIOfid) was launched in 2017 with the aim of increasing the availability and accessibility of biodiversity information. Closely tied to the research community the interdisciplinary BIOfid team is digitizing data sources of biodiversity related research and provides a modern and professional infrastructure for hosting and sharing them. As a pilot project, German publications on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants, birds, moths and butterflies covering the past 250 years are prioritized. Large parts of the text corpus defined in accordance with the needs of the relevant German research community have already been transferred to a machine-readable format and will be publicly accessible soon. Software tools for text mining, semantic annotation and analysis with respect to the current trends in machine learning are developed to maximize bioscientific data output through user-specific queries that can be created via the BIOfid web portal (https://www.biofid.de/). To boost knowledge discovery, specific ontologies focusing on morphological traits and taxonomy are being prepared and will continuously be extended to keep up with an ever-expanding volume of literature sources.
Background: It is well accepted that medical faculty teaching staff require an understanding of educational theory and pedagogical methods for effective medical teaching. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 5-day teaching education program.
Methods: An open prospective interventional study using quantitative and qualitative instruments was performed, covering all four levels of the Kirkpatrick model: Evaluation of 1) "Reaction" on a professional and emotional level using standardized questionnaires; 2) "Learning" applying a multiple choice test; 3) "Behavior" by self-, peer-, and expert assessment of teaching sessions with semistructured interviews; and 4) "Results" from student evaluations.
Results: Our data indicate the success of the educational intervention at all observed levels. 1) Reaction: The participants showed a high acceptance of the instructional content. 2) Learning: There was a significant increase in knowledge (P<0.001) as deduced from a pre-post multiple-choice questionnaire, which was retained at 6 months (P<0.001). 3) Behavior: Peer-, self-, and expert-assessment indicated a transfer of learning into teaching performance. Semistructured interviews reflected a higher level of professionalism in medical teaching by the participants. 4) Results: Teaching performance ratings improved in students' evaluations.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the success of a 5-day education program in embedding knowledge and skills to improve performance of medical educators. This multimethodological approach, using both qualitative and quantitative measures, may serve as a model to evaluate effectiveness of comparable interventions in other settings.
Der tägliche und jahreszeitliche Wechsel in den Lichtverhältnissen bedeutet für alle Lebewesen eine regelmäßige und fundamentale Veränderung ihrer Lebensbedingungen. Mit Hilfe einer Inneren Uhr können Lebewesen regelmäßige Veränderungen ihrer Umwelt antizipieren. Diese Innere Uhr gewährleistet die Generierung eines endogenen, zirkadianen Rhythmus und dessen Synchronisation mit der Umwelt. Bei Wirbeltieren werden diese Funktionen durch einen spezifischen neuronalen Schaltkreis im Gehirn, dem photoneuroendokrinen System (PNS), erfüllt. Das Pinealorgan ist ein essenzieller Bestandteil des PNS. Dort werden photoperiodische Reize und Signale vom endogenen Oszillator in die Synthese des Neurohormons Melatonin umgesetzt. Die vom zentralen Oszillator im SCN gesteuerte Freisetzung von Noradrenalin (NA) aus sympathischen-postganglionären Nervenfasern in das Pinealorgan ist der entscheidende Reiz zur nächtlichen Ankurbelung der Melatoninbiosynthese. Melatonin wird ausschließlich in der Nacht gebildet und fungiert daher als ein Zeithormon. Unmittelbar nach der Synthese wird das Melatonin in die Blutbahn abgegeben und liefert allen Zellen, die mit spezifischen Melatoninrezeptoren ausgestattet sind, die entsprechenden Licht- und Zeitinformationen. NA bewirkt in allen untersuchten Säugetierarten die Aktivierung des Schlüsselenzyms der Melatoninbiosynthese, der AANAT. Die zellulären und molekularen Regulationsmechanismen für die AANAT unterscheiden sich jedoch artspezifisch. So ruft NA in Pinealozyten der Ratte die cAMP/PKA/pCREB-vermittelte Aktivierung der Transkription des Aanat Gens hervor, wogegen in Pinealozyten des Rindes NA die Regulation der proteasomalen Proteolyse des AANAT Proteins kontrolliert. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zelluläre und molekulare Mechanismen der noradrenergen Signaltransduktionskaskade zu identifizieren, welche für die Steuerung der Melatoninbiosynthese im Pinealorgan von Säugetieren verantwortlich sind. Deshalb wurden in kultivierten Pinealozyten der Ratte und des Rindes sowohl transkriptionale als auch posttranslationale Regulationsmechanismen untersucht, welche durch NA gesteuert und an der Regulation des Schlüsselenzyms der Melatoninbiosynthese, der AANAT, beteiligt sind. Mit Hilfe der Immunzytochemie konnte erstmalig das subzelluläre Verteilungsmuster sämtlicher bekannter regulatorischer (R)-Untereinheiten der PKA Typ I und II in Pinealozyten der Ratte nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso wurden die A Kinase Anker Proteine (AKAP) 95 und 150 immunzytochemisch dargestellt, wobei zwischen der AKAP 150-Immunreaktivität (IR) und der IR von RII alpha bzw. RII beta eine weitgehende Kolokalisation in der Nähe der Zellmembran der Pinealozyten vorlag. Diese Kolokalisationen deuten eine funktionelle Interaktion der PKA Typ II mit AKAP 150 in Pinealozyten der Ratte an. Keine Funktion bei der Steuerung der Melatoninbiosynthese scheinen der cAMPregulierte Austauschfaktor EPAC und die monomere GTPase Rap zu besitzen. So konnte eine Stimulation kultivierter Pinealorgane mit 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, einem EPAC-spezifischen cAMP-Analog, einzeln oder in Kombination mit Noradrenalin (NA) weder den AANAT Proteingehalt noch die Freisetzung von Melatonin beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit belegen, dass die cAMP-vermittelte Aktivierung der Melatoninbiosynthese ausschließlich auf die PKA zurückzuführen ist. Ebenso beeinflussten weder NA noch 8- CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP den Aktivitätszustand von ERK 1 und 2. Eine Erhöhung des cAMP-Spiegels in Pinealozyten der Ratte scheint somit keinen Einfluss auf den Aktivitätszustand von ERK 1 und 2 im Pinealorgan der Ratte auszuüben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die schnelle Dephoshorylierung von pCREB eine entscheidende Funktion bei der akuten Herabregulation des CRE-tragenden Aanat Gens darstellt und somit eine wichtige Rolle für die Beendigung der Melatoninbiosynthese im Pinealorgan der Ratte spielt. Nach Entzug des NA-Stimulus kam es innerhalb von 30 Minuten zu einer fast vollständigen pCREB Dephosphorylierung, die mit einer Abnahme der Aanat mRNA, des AANAT Proteingehalts und der Melatoninbiosynthese einherging. Die pCREB Dephosphorylierung und die Abnahme der Melatoninbiosynthese konnten durch PSP-Inhibitoren verhindert werden. Aufgrund der pharmakologischen Untersuchungen und des intrazellulären Verteilungsmusters scheint die PSP 1 die pCREB Dephosphorylierung im Zellkern der Rattenpinealozyten zu steuern. Mit Hilfe eines Ko-Immunpräzipitationsansatzes wurde erstmalig eine NA-abhängige Komplexbildung von AANAT und Protein 14-3-3 in Pinealozyten der Ratte und des Rindes dargestellt. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen belegen somit, dass Tierarten, welche generell eine unterschiedliche molekulare Strategie zur Regulation der Melatoninbiosynthese entwickelt haben, mit der NA-abhängigen Ausbildung des AANAT/Protein 14-3-3 Komplexes jedoch einen gemeinsamen Mechanismus zur Regulation des AANAT Proteins besitzen. Ferner wurde die funktionelle Bedeutung des Cannabinoidsystems für die Steuerung der Melatoninbiosynthese im Pinealorgan der Ratte untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Immunhistochemie und des Immunoblotverfahrens konnten erstmalig CB 1- und 2 Rezeptorproteine im Pinealorgan der Ratte dargestellt werden. Die Stimulation kultivierter Pinealorgane der Ratte mit THC hatte keinen Einfluss auf den pCREB- und AANAT Proteingehalt, konnte jedoch die NA-induzierte Aktivierung des AANAT Proteins und die Melatoninfreisetzung hemmen. Das Pinealorgan der Ratte und des Rindes dient als ein gut geeignetes Modellsystem zum Studium von Signalskaskaden, da hier Noradrenalinreize in ein definiertes, einfach messbares Endprodukt, die Biosynthese und Sekretion des Neurohormons Melatonin, umgewandelt werden. Die in dieser Arbeit aufgedeckten Signaltransduktionsprozesse liefern daher nicht nur neue Einblicke in die Regulationsprozesse der Melatoninbiosynthese, sondern dienen ebenso dem besseren Verständnis von Signalübertragungs- und Signalverarbeitungsprozessen in komplexeren neuronalen und neuroendokrinen Systemen.
Exercise interventions in mental disorders have evidenced a mood-enhancing effect. However, the association between physical activity and affect in everyday life has not been investigated in adult individuals with ADHD, despite being important features of this disorder. As physical activity and affect are dynamic processes in nature, assessing those in everyday life with e-diaries and wearables, has become the gold standard. Thus, we used an mHealth approach to prospectively assess physical activity and affect processes in individuals with ADHD and controls aged 14–45 years. Participants wore accelerometers across a four-day period and reported their affect via e-diaries twelve times daily. We used multilevel models to identify the within-subject effects of physical activity on positive and negative affect. We split our sample into three groups: 1. individuals with ADHD who were predominantly inattentive (n = 48), 2. individuals with ADHD having a combined presentation (i.e., being inattentive and hyperactive; n = 95), and 3. controls (n = 42). Our analyses revealed a significant cross-level interaction (F(2, 135.072)=5.733, p = 0.004) of physical activity and group on positive affect. In details, all groups showed a positive association between physical activity and positive affect. Individuals with a combined presentation significantly showed the steepest slope of physical activity on positive affect (slope_inattentive=0.005, p<0.001; slope_combined=0.009, p<0.001; slope_controls=0.004, p = 0.008). Our analyses on negative affect revealed a negative association only in the individuals with a combined presentation (slope=-0.003; p = 0.001). Whether this specifically pronounced association in individuals being more hyperactive might be a mechanism reinforcing hyperactivity needs to be empirically clarified in future studies.
Background: R-flurbiprofen, one of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen racemate, is inactive with respect to cyclooxygenase inhibition, but shows analgesic properties without relevant toxicity. Its mode of action is still unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show that R-flurbiprofen reduces glutamate release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord evoked by sciatic nerve injury and thereby alleviates pain in sciatic nerve injury models of neuropathic pain in rats and mice. This is mediated by restoring the balance of endocannabinoids (eCB), which is disturbed following peripheral nerve injury in the DRGs, spinal cord and forebrain. The imbalance results from transcriptional adaptations of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and NAPE-phospholipase D, i.e. the major enzymes involved in anandamide metabolism and synthesis, respectively. R-flurbiprofen inhibits FAAH activity and normalizes NAPE-PLD expression. As a consequence, R-Flurbiprofen improves endogenous cannabinoid mediated effects, indicated by the reduction of glutamate release, increased activity of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor PPAR gamma and attenuation of microglia activation. Antinociceptive effects are lost by combined inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors and partially abolished in CB1 receptor deficient mice. R-flurbiprofen does however not cause changes of core body temperature which is a typical indicator of central effects of cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion: Our results suggest that R-flurbiprofen improves the endogenous mechanisms to regain stability after axonal injury and to fend off chronic neuropathic pain by modulating the endocannabinoid system and thus constitutes an attractive, novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic, intractable pain.