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The results from the STAR Collaboration on directed flow (v1), elliptic flow (v2), and the fourth harmonic (v4) in the anisotropic azimuthal distribution of particles from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV are summarized and compared with results from other experiments and theoretical models. Results for identified particles are presented and fit with a blast-wave model. Different anisotropic flow analysis methods are compared and nonflow effects are extracted from the data. For v2, scaling with the number of constituent quarks and parton coalescence are discussed. For v4, scaling with v22 and quark coalescence are discussed.
New results on the differential cross section in deuteron-proton elastic scattering are obtained at the deuteron kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV with the HADES spectrometer. The angular range of 69° – 125° in the center of mass system is covered. The obtained results are compared with the relativistic multiple scattering model calculation using the CD-Bonn deuteron wave function. The data at fixed scattering angles in the c.m. are in qualitative agreement with the constituent counting rules prediction.
The unicellular ciliate Paramecium contains a large vegetative macronucleus with several unusual characteristics, including an extremely high coding density and high polyploidy. As macronculear chromatin is devoid of heterochromatin, our study characterizes the functional epigenomic organization necessary for gene regulation and proper Pol II activity. Histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27me3) reveal no narrow peaks but broad domains along gene bodies, whereas intergenic regions are devoid of nucleosomes. Our data implicate H3K4me3 levels inside ORFs to be the main factor associated with gene expression, and H3K27me3 appears in association with H3K4me3 in plastic genes. Silent and lowly expressed genes show low nucleosome occupancy, suggesting that gene inactivation does not involve increased nucleosome occupancy and chromatin condensation. Because of a high occupancy of Pol II along highly expressed ORFs, transcriptional elongation appears to be quite different from that of other species. This is supported by missing heptameric repeats in the C-terminal domain of Pol II and a divergent elongation system. Our data imply that unoccupied DNA is the default state, whereas gene activation requires nucleosome recruitment together with broad domains of H3K4me3. In summary, gene activation and silencing in Paramecium run counter to the current understanding of chromatin biology.
Background: The nonmotor symptom spectrum of Parkinson’s disease (PD) includes progressive cognitive decline mainly in late stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to map the patterns of altered structural connectivity of patients with PD with different cognitive profiles ranging from cognitively unimpaired to PD-associated dementia.
Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological data from the observational multicentre LANDSCAPE study were analyzed. A total of 134 patients with PD with normal cognitive function (56 PD-N), mild cognitive impairment (67 PD-MCI), and dementia (11 PD-D) as well as 72 healthy controls were subjected to whole-brain-based fractional anisotropy mapping and covariance analysis with cognitive performance measures.
Results: Structural data indicated subtle changes in the corpus callosum and thalamic radiation in PD-N, whereas severe white matter impairment was observed in both PD-MCI and PD-D patients including anterior and inferior fronto-occipital, uncinate, insular cortices, superior longitudinal fasciculi, corona radiata, and the body of the corpus callosum. These regional alterations were demonstrated for PD-MCI and were more pronounced in PD-D. The pattern of involved regions was significantly correlated with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) total score.
Conclusions: The findings in PD-N suggest impaired cross-hemispherical white matter connectivity that can apparently be compensated for. More pronounced involvement of the corpus callosum as demonstrated for PD-MCI together with affection of fronto-parieto-temporal structural connectivity seems to lead to gradual disruption of cognition-related cortico-cortical networks and to be associated with the onset of overt cognitive deficits. The increase of regional white matter damage appears to be associated with the development of PD-associated dementia.
We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV using the STAR detector at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We extract the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss radii and study their multiplicity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal angle dependence. The Gaussianness of the correlation function is studied. Estimates of the geometrical and dynamical structure of the freeze-out source are extracted by fits with blast-wave parametrizations. The expansion of the source and its relation with the initial energy density distribution is studied.
Ein wesentlicher Forschungsgegenstand der Kernphysik ist die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von Kernmaterie. Das Verständnis darüber gibt in Teilen Aufschluss über die Erscheinungsweise und Wechselwirkung von Materie. Ein Schlüssel liegt dabei in der Untersuchung der Modifikation der Eigenschaften von Hadronen in dem Medium Kernmaterie, das durch Parameter wie Dichte und Temperatur gekennzeichnet werden kann. Man hofft damit unter anderem Einblick in die Mechanismen zu bekommen, welche zur Massenbildung der Hadronen beitragen. Zur Untersuchung solcher Modifikationen eignen sich insbesondere Vektormesonen, die in e+e- Paare zerfallen. Die Leptonen dieser Paare wechselwirken nicht mehr stark mit der Materie innerhalb der Reaktionszone, und tragen somit wichtige Informationen ungestört nach außen. Das HADES-Spektrometer bei GSI wird dazu verwendet die leichten bei SIS-Energien produzierten Vektormesonen rho, omega und phi zu vermessen. Hierzu wurde zum erste mal das mittelschwere Stoßsystem Ar+KCl bei einer Strahlenergie von 1,76 AGeV gemessen. Die im Vergleich zum früher untersuchten System C+C höhere Spurmultiplizität innerhalb der Spektrometerakzeptanz verlangte eine Anpassung der bisher verwendeten Datenanalyse. Das bisher verwendete Verfahren, mehrere scharfe Schnitte auf verschiedene Observablen seriell anzuwenden, um einzelne Leptonspuren als solche zu identifizieren, wurde durch eine neu entwickelte multivariate Analyse ersetzt. Dabei werden die Informationen aller beteiligten Observablen mit Hilfe eines Algorithmus zeitgleich zusammengeführt, damit Elektronen und Positronen vom hadronischen Untergrund getrennt werden können. Durch Untersuchung mehrerer Klassifizierer konnte ein mehrschichtiges künstliches neuronalen Netz als am besten geeigneter Algorithmus identifiziert werden. Diese Art der Analyse hat den Vorteil, dass sie viel robuster gegenüber Fluktuationen in einzelnen Observablen ist, und sich somit die Effizienz bei gleicher Reinheit steigern lässt. Die Rekonstruktion von Teilchenspuren im HADES-Spektrometer basiert nur auf wenigen Ortsinformationen. Daher können einzelne vollständige Spuren a priori nicht als solche gleich erkannt werden. Vielmehr werden durch verschiedene Kombinationen innerhalb derselben Mannigfaltigkeit von Positionspunkten mehr Spuren zusammengesetzt, als ursprünglich produziert wurden. Zur Identifikation des maximalen Satzes eindeutiger Spuren eines Ereignisses wurde eine neue Methode der Spurselektion entwickelt. Während dieser Prozedur werden Informationen gewonnen, die im weiteren Verlauf der Analyse zur Detektion von Konversions- und pi0-Dalitz-Paaren genutzt werden, die einen großen Beitrag zum kombinatorischen Untergrund darstellen. Als Ergebnis wird das effizienzkorrigierte, und auf die mittlere Zahl der Pionen pro Ereignis normierte, Spektrum der invarianten Elektronpaarmasse präsentiert. Erste Vergleiche mit der konventionellen Analysemethode zeigen dabei eine um etwa 30% erhöhte Rekonstruktionseffizienz. Das Massenspektrum setzt sich aus mehr als 114.000 Paaren zusammen -- über 16.000 davon mit einer Masse größer als 150 MeV. Ein erster Vergleich mit einem einfachen thermischen Modell, welches durch den Ereignisgenerator Pluto dargestellt wird, eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die hier gefundenen Produktionsraten des omega- und phi-Mesons durch m_T-Skalierung an die durch andere Experimente ermittelten Raten des eta zu koppeln. In diesem Zusammenhang findet sich weiterhin ein von der Einschussenergie abhängiger Produktionsüberschluss von F(1,76) = Y_total/Y_PLUTO = 5,3 im Massenbereich M = 0,15...0,5 GeV/c^2. Die theoretische Erklärung dieses Überschusses birgt neue Erkenntnisse zu den in-Medium Eigenschaften von Hadronen.
As new generations of targeted therapies emerge and tumor genome sequencing discovers increasingly comprehensive mutation repertoires, the functional relationships of mutations to tumor phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, we measured ex vivo sensitivity of 246 blood cancers to 63 drugs alongside genome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome analysis to understand determinants of drug response. We assembled a primary blood cancer cell encyclopedia data set that revealed disease-specific sensitivities for each cancer. Within chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), responses to 62% of drugs were associated with 2 or more mutations, and linked the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway to trisomy 12, an important driver of CLL. Based on drug responses, the disease could be organized into phenotypic subgroups characterized by exploitable dependencies on BCR, mTOR, or MEK signaling and associated with mutations, gene expression, and DNA methylation. Fourteen percent of CLLs were driven by mTOR signaling in a non–BCR-dependent manner. Multivariate modeling revealed immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) mutation status and trisomy 12 as the most important modulators of response to kinase inhibitors in CLL. Ex vivo drug responses were associated with outcome. This study overcomes the perception that most mutations do not influence drug response of cancer, and points to an updated approach to understanding tumor biology, with implications for biomarker discovery and cancer care.
Objective: To investigate the value of standard [digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA] and advanced (mpMRI, prostate biopsy) clinical evaluation for prostate cancer (PCa) detection in contemporary patients with clinical bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) scheduled for Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP).
Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 397 patients, who were referred to our tertiary care laser center for HoLEP due to BOO between 11/2017 and 07/2020. Of those, 83 (20.7%) underwent further advanced clinical PCa evaluation with mpMRI and/or prostate biopsy due to elevated PSA and/or lowered PSA ratio and/or suspicious DRE. Logistic regression and binary regression tree models were applied to identify PCa in BOO patients.
Results: An mpMRI was conducted in 56 (66%) of 83 patients and revealed PIRADS 4/5 lesions in 14 (25%) patients. Subsequently, a combined systematic randomized and MRI-fusion biopsy was performed in 19 (23%) patients and revealed in PCa detection in four patients (5%). A randomized prostate biopsy was performed in 31 (37%) patients and revealed in PCa detection in three patients (4%). All seven patients (9%) with PCa detection underwent radical prostatectomy with 29% exhibiting non-organ confined disease. Incidental PCa after HoLEP (n = 76) was found in nine patients (12%) with advanced clinical PCa evaluation preoperatively. In univariable logistic regression analyses, PSA, fPSA ratio, and PSA density failed to identify patients with PCa detection. Conversely, patients with a lower International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and PIRADs 4/5 lesion in mpMRI were at higher risk for PCa detection. In multivariable adjusted analyses, PIRADS 4/5 lesions were confirmed as an independent risk factor (OR 9.91, p = 0.04), while IPSS did not reach significance (p = 0.052).
Conclusion: In advanced clinical PCa evaluation mpMRI should be considered in patients with elevated total PSA or low fPSA ratio scheduled for BOO treatment with HoLEP. Patients with low IPSS or PIRADS 4/5 lesions in mpMRI are at highest risk for PCa detection. In patients with a history of two or more sets of negative prostate biopsies, advanced clinical PCa evaluation might be omitted.
Background: Bone age (BA) assessment performed by artificial intelligence (AI) is of growing interest due to improved accuracy, precision and time efficiency in daily routine. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of a novel AI software version for automated BA assessment in comparison to the Greulich-Pyle method.
Methods: Radiographs of 514 patients were analysed in this retrospective study. Total BA was assessed independently by three blinded radiologists applying the GP method and by the AI software. Overall and gender-specific BA assessment results, as well as reading times of both approaches, were compared, while the reference BA was defined by two blinded experienced paediatric radiologists in consensus by application of the Greulich-Pyle method.
Results: Mean absolute deviation (MAD) and root mean square deviation (RSMD) were significantly lower between AI-derived BA and reference BA (MAD 0.34 years, RSMD 0.38 years) than between reader-calculated BA and reference BA (MAD 0.79 years, RSMD 0.89 years; p < 0.001). The correlation between AI-derived BA and reference BA (r = 0.99) was significantly higher than between reader-calculated BA and reference BA (r = 0.90; p < 0.001). No statistical difference was found in reader agreement and correlation analyses regarding gender (p = 0.241). Mean reading times were reduced by 87% using the AI system.
Conclusions: A novel AI software enabled highly accurate automated BA assessment. It may improve efficiency in clinical routine by reducing reading times without compromising the accuracy compared with the Greulich-Pyle method.
Dual-energy CT (DECT) has emerged into clinical routine as an imaging technique with unique postprocessing utilities that improve the evaluation of different body areas. The virtual non-calcium (VNCa) reconstruction algorithm has shown beneficial effects on the depiction of bone marrow pathologies such as bone marrow edema. Its main advantage is the ability to substantially increase the image contrast of structures that are usually covered with calcium mineral, such as calcified vessels or bone marrow, and to depict a large number of traumatic, inflammatory, infiltrative, and degenerative disorders affecting either the spine or the appendicular skeleton. Therefore, VNCa imaging represents another step forward for DECT to image conditions and disorders that usually require the use of more expensive and time-consuming techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/CT, or bone scintigraphy. The aim of this review article is to explain the technical background of VNCa imaging, showcase its applicability in the different body regions, and provide an updated outlook on the clinical impact of this technique, which goes beyond the sole improvement in image quality.