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Background: The peroneal muscles are the most effective lateral stabilisers whose tension braces the ankle joint complex against excessive supination. The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological and biomechanical effects of two machine-based shank muscle training methods.
Methods: Twenty-two healthy male recreationally active sports students performed ten weeks of single-set high resistance strength training with 3 training sessions per week. The subjects conducted subtalar pronator/supinator muscle training (ST) with the right leg by using a custom-made apparatus; the left foot muscles were exercised with machine-based talocrural plantar and dorsiflexor training (TT). Muscle strength (MVIC), muscle volume and foot biomechanics (rearfoot motion, ground reaction forces, muscle reaction times) during a sudden ankle supination were recorded before and after the intervention.
Results: Compared to TT, ST resulted in significantly higher pronator (14% vs. 8%, P<0.01) and supinator MVIC (25% vs. 12%, P<0.01). During sudden foot inversions, both ST and TT resulted in reduced supination velocity (-12%; P<0.01). The muscle reaction onset time was faster after the training in peroneus longus (PL) (P<0.01). Muscle volume of PL (P<0.01) and TA (P<0.01) increased significantly after both ST and TT.
Conclusion: After both ST and TT, the ankle joint complex is mechanically more stabilised against sudden supinations due to the muscle volume increase of PL and TA. As the reduced supination velocities indicate, the strength training effects are already present during free-fall. According to a sudden ankle supination in standing position, both machine-based dorsiflexor and pronator strength training is recommended for enhancing the mechanical stability of the ankle.
Wer freiwillig Umwege geht, versucht den Raum nicht zu dominieren oder schnellstmöglich von Punkt A nach Punkt B zu durchqueren; vielmehr geht er spielerisch und lustvoll auf die Landschaft ein, lässt sich von ihr leiten, indem er sich dem Eros ihrer Tiefe und Weite ausliefert. Der Umweg zwingt zur Langsamkeit. Er verführt den Leib stärker zur Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung und zur Konkretheit der Erfahrung. Wer ihn eilend auf dem kürzesten Weg zu durchqueren versucht, sieht den Raum hingegen bloß als ein abstraktes Hindernis, das es zu überwinden gilt. Während die direkte Bewegung von Punkt A nach Punkt B eine endliche Strecke definiert, entwirft der Umweg einen reversiblen, unabschließbaren und prinzipiell unendlichen Raum. Die Umwegigkeit spielt mit dem Raum, bricht ihn ironisch, sie verzichtet auf die Strenge und Ernsthaftigkeit der geraden Linie und des direkten Weges.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.