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Diese Diplomarbeit untersucht die Güte eines globalen Datensatzes (IA), der die monatliche Ausdehnung der terrestrischen Oberflächengewässer für den Zeitraum von 1993 bis 2004 beinhaltet. IA ist aus komplementären, räumlich geringauflösenden Satellitendaten generiert. Die Wasserausdehnungen werden als prozentuale Flächenanteile von 0,5°-Gitterzellen angegeben. IA wäre durch seine monatliche Dynamik zur Kalibrierung und Validierung eines globalen Modells von temporären Überflutungsgebieten geeignet. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit werden die Wasserbedeckungen aus IA in einzelnen 0,5°-Zellen zu mehreren Zeitpunkten mithilfe von räumlich hochauflösenden Satellitenbildern des Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) validiert. Aus Gründen der Effizienz (Minimierung des Speicheraufwands und der Verarbeitungszeit) wird nur ein einziger ETM+ Kanal im mittleren Infrarot zur Bestimmung der Wasserbedeckung verwendet: Band 5. Durch überwachte Klassifikationen wird der Anteil der Wasserflächen an der Gesamtfläche der 0,5°-Zellen ermittelt. Insgesamt werden 262 Klassifikationen in vier Untersuchungsgebieten durchgeführt. Zwischen den prozentualen Wasserbedeckungen aus IA und den ETM+ (Band 5)-Validierungsdaten werden häufige und unregelmäßige Abweichungen festgestellt. Die maximalen absoluten Abweichungen betragen mehr als 60%. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse sind die IA-Wasserausdehnungen nur sehr begrenzt als Validierungsdaten für die Modellierung von temporären Überflutungsgebieten geeignet.
Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting.
Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators.
Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician's visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm).
Conclusions: Data from this registry indicate that rituximab is a commonly employed, well-tolerated therapy with potential beneficial effects in standard of care-refractory autoimmune diseases, and support the results from other open-label, uncontrolled studies.
Preserving a patient’s own teeth—even in a difficult situation—is nowadays preferable to surgical intervention and therefore promotes development of suitable dental repair materials. Biodentine®, a mineral trioxide aggregate substitute, has been used to replace dentine in a bioactive and biocompatible manner in both the dental crown and the root. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of Biodentine® on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. For this study, one to five Biodentine® discs with a diameter of 5.1mm were incubated in DMEM. To obtain Biodentine® suspensions the media were collected and replaced with fresh medium every 24h for 4 days. Primary pulp cells were isolated from freshly extracted wisdom teeth of 20–23 year old patients and incubated with the Biodentine® suspensions. Proliferation, cell morphology, cell integrity and cell viability were monitored. To evaluate the effect of Biodentine® on collagen type I synthesis, the secretion of the N-terminal domain of pro-collagen type I (P1NP) and the release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were quantified. None of the Biodentine® suspensions tested influenced cell morphology, proliferation or cell integrity. The cell viability varied slightly depending on the suspension used. However, the concentrations of P1NP of all pulp fibroblast cultures treated for 24h with the moderate to high Biodentine® concentration containing suspensions of day 1 were reduced to 5% of the control. Furthermore, a significant TGF-β1 reduction was observed after treatment with these suspensions. It could be shown that Biodentine® is biocompatible. However, dissolved particles of the moderate to high concentrated Biodentine® suspensions 24h after mixing induce a significant reduction of TGF-β1 release and reduce the secretion of collagen type I of primary pulp fibroblasts.
Oral presentation from 4th International Conference of cGMP Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications ; Regensburg, Germany. 19–21 June 2009 Background: An exaggerated pain sensitivity is the dominant feature of inflammatory and neuropathic pain both in the clinical setting and in experimental animal models. It manifests as pain in response to normally innocuous stimuli (allodynia), increased response to noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia) or spontaneous pain, and can persist long after the initial injury is resolved. Research over the last decades has revealed that several signaling pathways in the spinal cord essentially contribute to the pain sensitization. To test the contribution of cGMP produced by NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) to pain sensitization, we investigated the localization of NO-GC in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia, and we characterized the nociceptive behavior of mice deficient in NO-GC (GC-KO mice). Results: We show that NO-GC (β1 subunit) is distinctly expressed in neurons of the mouse spinal cord, while its distribution in dorsal root ganglia is restricted to non-neuronal cells. GC-KO mice exhibited a considerably reduced nociceptive behavior in models of inflammatory or neuropathic pain, but their responses to acute pain were not impaired. Moreover, GC-KO mice failed to develop pain sensitization induced by spinal administration of drugs releasing NO. Surprisingly, during spinal nociceptive processing cGMP produced by NO-GC may activate signaling pathways different from cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI), while cGKI can be activated by natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) dependent cGMP production. Conclusion: Taken together, our results provide evidence that NO-GC has a dominant role in the development of exaggerated pain sensitivity during inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, beside the NO-mediated cGMP synthesis, cGMP produced by NPR-B contributes to pain sensitization by activation of cGKI.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicles leading to painful lesions, associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Numerous guidelines recommend antibiotics like clindamycin and rifampicin in combination, as first-line systemic therapy in moderate-to-severe forms of inflammation. HS has been proposed to be mainly an auto-inflammatory disease associated with but not initially provoked by bacteria. Therefore, it has to be assumed that the pro-inflammatory milieu previously observed in HS skin is not solely dampened by the bacteriostatic inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. To further clarify the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of rifampicin, ex vivo explants of lesional HS from 8 HS patients were treated with rifampicin, and its effect on cytokine production, immune cells as well as the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) were investigated. Analysis of cell culture medium of rifampicin-treated HS explants revealed an anti-inflammatory effect of rifampicin that significantly inhibiting interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. Immunohistochemistry of the rifampicin-treated explants suggested a tendency for it to reduce the expression of TLR2 while not affecting the number of immune cells.