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Background: The development of robotic systems has provided an alternative to frame-based stereotactic procedures. The aim of this experimental phantom study was to compare the mechanical accuracy of the Robotic Surgery Assistant (ROSA) and the Leksell stereotactic frame by reducing clinical and procedural factors to a minimum.
Methods: To precisely compare mechanical accuracy, a stereotactic system was chosen as reference for both methods. A thin layer CT scan with an acrylic phantom fixed to the frame and a localizer enabling the software to recognize the coordinate system was performed. For each of the five phantom targets, two different trajectories were planned, resulting in 10 trajectories. A series of five repetitions was performed, each time based on a new CT scan. Hence, 50 trajectories were analyzed for each method. X-rays of the final cannula position were fused with the planning data. The coordinates of the target point and the endpoint of the robot- or frame-guided probe were visually determined using the robotic software. The target point error (TPE) was calculated applying the Euclidian distance. The depth deviation along the trajectory and the lateral deviation were separately calculated.
Results: Robotics was significantly more accurate, with an arithmetic TPE mean of 0.53 mm (95% CI 0.41–0.55 mm) compared to 0.72 mm (95% CI 0.63–0.8 mm) in stereotaxy (p < 0.05). In robotics, the mean depth deviation along the trajectory was −0.22 mm (95% CI −0.25 to −0.14 mm). The mean lateral deviation was 0.43 mm (95% CI 0.32–0.49 mm). In frame-based stereotaxy, the mean depth deviation amounted to −0.20 mm (95% CI −0.26 to −0.14 mm), the mean lateral deviation to 0.65 mm (95% CI 0.55–0.74 mm).
Conclusion: Both the robotic and frame-based approach proved accurate. The robotic procedure showed significantly higher accuracy. For both methods, procedural factors occurring during surgery might have a more relevant impact on overall accuracy.
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
A central motivation for the development of x-ray free-electron lasers has been the prospect of time-resolved single-molecule imaging with atomic resolution. Here, we show that x-ray photoelectron diffraction—where a photoelectron emitted after x-ray absorption illuminates the molecular structure from within—can be used to image the increase of the internuclear distance during the x-ray-induced fragmentation of an O2 molecule. By measuring the molecular-frame photoelectron emission patterns for a two-photon sequential K-shell ionization in coincidence with the fragment ions, and by sorting the data as a function of the measured kinetic energy release, we can resolve the elongation of the molecular bond by approximately 1.2 a.u. within the duration of the x-ray pulse. The experiment paves the road toward time-resolved pump-probe photoelectron diffraction imaging at high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers.
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) patients are at particularly high risk for thrombotic complications. In the event of a postoperative pulmonary embolism, therapeutic anticoagulation (tAC) is indispensable. The impact of therapeutic anticoagulation on recurrence pattern in GBM is currently unknown. Methods: We conducted a matched-pair cohort analysis of 57 GBM patients with or without tAC that were matched for age, sex, gross total resection and MGMT methylation status in a ratio of 1:2. Patients’ characteristics and clinical course were evaluated using medical charts. MRI characteristics were evaluated by two independent authors blinded to the AC status. Results: The morphologic MRI appearance in first GBM recurrence showed a significantly higher presence of multifocal, midline crossing and sharp demarcated GBM recurrence patterns in patients with therapeutic tAC compared to the matched control group. Although statistically non-significant, the therapeutic tAC cohort showed increased survival. Conclusion: Therapeutic anticoagulation induced significant morphologic changes in GBM recurrences. The underlying pathophysiology is discussed in this article but remains to be further elucidated.
This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulation results for future measurements of the moduli of time-like proton electromagnetic form factors, |GE | and |GM|, using the ¯pp → μ+μ− reaction at PANDA (FAIR). The electromagnetic form factors are fundamental quantities parameterizing the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons. This work estimates the statistical and total accuracy with which the form factors can be measured at PANDA, using an analysis of simulated data within the PandaRoot software framework. The most crucial background channel is ¯pp → π+π−,due to the very similar behavior of muons and pions in the detector. The suppression factors are evaluated for this and all other relevant background channels at different values of antiproton beam momentum. The signal/background separation is based on a multivariate analysis, using the Boosted Decision Trees method. An expected background subtraction is included in this study, based on realistic angular distribuations of the background contribution. Systematic uncertainties are considered and the relative total uncertainties of the form factor measurements are presented.