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We measured the neutron capture cross sections of 69Ga and 71Ga for a quasi-stellar spectrum at kBT = 25 keV and a spectrum with a peak energy at 90 keV by the activation technique at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Geel, Belgium. Protons were provided by an electrostatic Van de Graaff accelerator to produce neutrons via the reaction 7Li(p,n). The produced activity was measured via the γ emission of the product nuclei by high-purity germanium detectors. We present preliminary results.
In order to quantitatively analyse the chemical and dynamical evolution of the polar vortex it has proven extremely useful to work with coordinate systems that follow the vortex flow. We propose here a two-dimensional quasi-Lagrangian coordinate system {X i, delta X i}, based on the mixing ratio of a long-lived stratospheric trace gas i, and its systematic use with i = N2O, in order to describe the structure of a well-developed Antarctic polar vortex. In the coordinate system {X i, delta X i} the mixing ratio X i is the vertical coordinate and delta X i = X i(theta) - X i vort(theta) is the meridional coordinate (X i vort(theta) being a vertical reference profile in the vortex core). The quasi-Lagrangian coordinates {X i, delta X i} persist for much longer time than standard isentropic coordinates, potential temperature theta and equivalent latitude Phi e, do not require explicit reference to geographic space, and can be derived directly from high-resolution in situ measurements. They are therefore well-suited for studying the evolution of the Antarctic polar vortex throughout the polar winter with respect to the relevant chemical and microphysical processes. By using the introduced coordinate system {X N2O, delta X N2O} we analyze the well-developed Antarctic vortex investigated during the APE-GAIA (Airborne Polar Experiment – Geophysica Aircraft in Antarctica – 1999) campaign (Carli et al., 2000). A criterion, which uses the local in-situ measurements of X i=X i(theta) and attributes the inner vortex edge to a rapid change (delta-step) in the meridional profile of the mixing ratio X i, is developed to determine the (Antarctic) inner vortex edge. In turn, we suggest that the outer vortex edge of a well-developed Antarctic vortex can be attributed to the position of a local minimum of the X H2O gradient in the polar vortex area. For a well-developed Antarctic vortex, the delta X N2O-parametrization of tracer-tracer relationships allows to distinguish the tracer inter-relationships in the vortex core, vortex boundary region and surf zone and to examine their meridional variation throughout these regions. This is illustrated by analyzing the tracer-tracer relationships X i : X N2O obtained from the in-situ data of the APE-GAIA campaign for i = CFC-11, CFC-12, H-1211 and SF6. A number of solitary anomalous points in the CFC-11 : N2O correlation, observed in the Antarctic vortex core, are interpreted in terms of small-scale cross-isentropic dispersion.
During SPURT (Spurenstofftransport in der Tropopausenregion, trace gas transport in the tropopause region) we performed measurements of a wide range of trace gases with different lifetimes and sink/source characteristics in the northern hemispheric upper troposphere (UT) and lowermost stratosphere (LMS). A large number of in-situ instruments were deployed on board a Learjet 35A, flying at altitudes up to 13.7 km, at times reaching to nearly 380 K potential temperature. Eight measurement campaigns (consisting of a total of 36 flights), distributed over all seasons and typically covering latitudes between 35° N and 75° N in the European longitude sector (10° W–20° E), were performed. Here we present an overview of the project, describing the instrumentation, the encountered meteorological situations during the campaigns and the data set available from SPURT. Measurements were obtained for N2O, CH4, CO, CO2, CFC12, H2, SF6, NO, NOy, O3 and H2O. We illustrate the strength of this new data set by showing mean distributions of the mixing ratios of selected trace gases, using a potential temperature – equivalent latitude coordinate system. The observations reveal that the LMS is most stratospheric in character during spring, with the highest mixing ratios of O3 and NOy and the lowest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6. The lowest mixing ratios of NOy and O3 are observed during autumn, together with the highest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6 indicating a strong tropospheric influence. For H2O, however, the maximum concentrations in the LMS are found during summer, suggesting unique (temperature- and convection-controlled) conditions for this molecule during transport across the tropopause. The SPURT data set is presently the most accurate and complete data set for many trace species in the LMS, and its main value is the simultaneous measurement of a suite of trace gases having different lifetimes and physical-chemical histories. It is thus very well suited for studies of atmospheric transport, for model validation, and for investigations of seasonal changes in the UT/LMS, as demonstrated in accompanying and elsewhere published studies.
Investigators in the cognitive neurosciences have turned to Big Data to address persistent replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. While there is tremendous potential to advance science through open data sharing, these efforts unveil a host of new questions about how to integrate data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed area of cognition - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated raw data from 53 studies from around the world which measured at least one of three distinct verbal learning tasks, totaling N = 10,505 healthy and brain-injured individuals. A mega analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to isolate and remove site effects, followed by linear models which adjusted for common covariates. After corrections, a continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individual subject’s latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance by 37% while preserving covariate effects. The effects of age, sex, and education on scores were found to be highly consistent across memory tests. IRT methods for equating scores across AVLTs agreed with held-out data of dually-administered tests, and these tools are made available for free online. This work demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can offer opportunities to address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.
Rezensionen [2019]
(2019)
Verzeichnis
Einzelrezensionen
163 Babenhauserheide, Melanie: Harry Potter und die Widersprüche der Kulturindustrie. Eine ideologiekritische Analyse (DAVID N. SCHMIDT)
165 Ballis, Anja/Pecher, Claudia Maria/ Schuler, Rebecca (Hrsg.): Mehrsprachige Kinder- und Jugendliteratur. Überlegungen zur Systematik, Didaktik und Verbreitung (SVETLANA VISHEK)
167 Bannasch, Bettina/Matthes, Eva (Hrsg.): Kinder- und Jugendliteratur. Historische, erzähl- und medientheoretische, pädagogische und therapeutische Perspektiven (susanne blumesberger)
169 Batzke, Ina/ Erbacher, Eric C. /Heß, Linda M. / Lenhardt, Corinna (Hrsg.): Exploring the Fantastic. Genre, Ideology, and Popular Culture (THOMAS BITTERLICH)
170 Bertling, Maria: All-Age-Literatur. Die Entdeckung einer neuen Zielgruppe und ihrer Rezeptionsmodalitäten (NICOLA KÖNIG)
172 Blümer, Agnes: Mehrdeutigkeit übersetzen. Englische und französische Kinderliteraturklassiker der Nachkriegszeit in deutscher Übertrag (MARTINA SEIFERT)
174 Blumesberger, Susanne/Thunecke, Jörg (Hrsg.): Deutschsprachige Kinder- und Jugendliteratur während der Zwischenkriegszeit und im Exil. Schwerpunkt Österreich (KURT FRANZ)
176 Busch, Nathanael /Velten, Hans Rudolf (Hrsg.): Die Literatur des Mittelalters im Fantasyroman (SONJA LOIDL)
178 Cave, Roderick/Ayad, Sara (Hrsg.): Die Geschichte des Kinderbuches in 100 Büchern (ERNST SEIBERT)
180 Dettmar, Ute/Pecher, Claudia Maria/Schlesinger, Ron (Hrsg.): Märchen im Medienwechsel. Zur Geschichte und Gegenwart des Märchenfilms (MICHAEL STIERSTORFER)
182 Dommermuth, Clarissa: Wir sind dagegen – denn ihr seid dafür. Zur Tradition literarischer Jugendbewegungen im deutschsprachigen Raum (SUSANNE BLUMESBERGER)
184 Ellerbach, Benoît: L’Arabie contée aux Allemands. Fictions interculturelles chez Rafik Schami (ANNETTE KLIEWER)
185 Enklaar, Jattie/ Ester, Hans /Tax, Evelyne (Hrsg.): Studien über Kinder- und Jugendliteratur im europäischen Austausch von 1800 bis heute (IRIS SCHÄFER)
187 Ewers, Hans-Heino: Michael Ende neu entdecken. Was »Jim Knopf«,»Momo« und »Die unendliche Geschichte« Erwachsenen zu sagen haben (MARKUS JANKA)
189 Flegel, Monica/Parkes, Christopher (Hrsg.): Cruel Children in Popular Texts and Cultures (LENA HOFFMANN)
191 Garbe, Christine/Gürth, Christina et al. (Hrsg.): Attraktive Lesestoffe (nicht nur) für Jungen. Erzählmuster und Beispielanalysen zu populärer Kinder- und Jugendliteratur (THOMAS BITTERLICH)
193 Goga, Nina/Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (Hrsg.): Maps and Mapping in Children’s Literature. Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes (Wolfgang Biesterfeld)
195 Hamer, Naomi /Nodelman, Perry / Reimer, Mavis (Hrsg.): More Words about Pictures. Current Research on Picturebooks and Visual/Verbal Texts for Young People (FARRIBA SCHULZ)
196 Hoffmann, Lena: Crossover. Mehrfachadressierung in Text, Markt und Diskurs (HEIDI LEXE)
198 Josting, Petra/Reuter, Frank/Roeder, Caroline/Wolters, Ute (Hrsg.): »Denn sie rauben sehr geschwind jedes böse Gassenkind.« ›Zigeuner‹-Bilder in Kinder- und Jugendmedien (KURT FRANZ)
200 Langemeyer, Peter /Knutsen, Karen Patrick (Hrsg.): Narratology Plus. Studies in Recent International Narratives for Children and
Young Adults / Narratologie Plus. Studien zur Erzählweise in aktueller internationaler Kinder- und Jugendliteratur (NADINE BIEKER)
202 Museumsinsel Lüttenheid (Hrsg.): Rudolf Dirks. Zwei Lausbuben und die Erfindung des modernen Comics (LUKAS SARVARI)
204 Oeste, Bettina/Preußer, Ulrike (Hrsg.): Neuvermessung deutschsprachiger Erinnerungsstrategien in der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur nach 1990 (annette kliewer)
206 Planka, Sabine (Hrsg.): Berlin. Bilder einer Metropole in erzählenden Medien für Kinder und Jugendliche (KATHARINA EGERER)
208 Press, Alexander: Die Bilder des Comics. Funktionsweisen aus kunst- und bildwissenschaftlicher Perspektive (RALF VOLLBRECHT)
209 Schenk, Klaus /Zeisberg, Ingold (Hrsg.): Fremde Räume. Interkulturalität und Semiotik des Phantastischen (ANNETTE KLIEWER)
211 Schweizerisches Institut für Kinder- und Jugendmedien SIKJM (Hrsg.): Atlas der Schweizer Kinderliteratur. Expeditionen und
Panoramen (SUSANNE RIEGLER)
Sammelrezensionen
213 Heinemann, Caroline: Produktionsräume im zeitgenössischen Kinder- und Jugendtheater. – Hentschel, Ingrid: Theater zwischen Ich und Welt. Beiträge zur Ästhetik des Kinder- und Jugendtheaters. Theorien – Praxis – Geschichte (PHILIPP SCHMERHEIM)
215 Janka, Marcus /Stierstorfer, Michael (Hrsg.): Verjüngte Antike. Griechisch-römische Mythologie in zeitgenössischen Kinder- und Jugendmedien. – Stierstorfer, Michael: Antike Mythologie in der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur der Gegenwart. Unsterbliche Götter- und Heldengeschichten? (KARINA BECKER)
218 Josting, Petra/Kruse, Iris (Hrsg.): Paul Maar. Bielefelder Poet in Residence 2015 | Paderborner Kinderliteraturtage 2016. – Wicke, Andreas /Roßbach, Nikola (Hrsg.): Paul Maar. Studien zum kinder- und jugendliterarischen Werk (SONJA MÜLLER-CARSTENS)
Plants, fungi and algae are important components of global biodiversity and are fundamental to all ecosystems. They are the basis for human well-being, providing food, materials and medicines. Specimens of all three groups of organisms are accommodated in herbaria, where they are commonly referred to as botanical specimens.The large number of specimens in herbaria provides an ample, permanent and continuously improving knowledge base on these organisms and an indispensable source for the analysis of the distribution of species in space and time critical for current and future research relating to global biodiversity. In order to make full use of this resource, a research infrastructure has to be built that grants comprehensive and free access to the information in herbaria and botanical collections in general. This can be achieved through digitization of the botanical objects and associated data.The botanical research community can count on a long-standing tradition of collaboration among institutions and individuals. It agreed on data standards and standard services even before the advent of computerization and information networking, an example being the Index Herbariorum as a global registry of herbaria helping towards the unique identification of specimens cited in the literature.In the spirit of this collaborative history, 51 representatives from 30 institutions advocate to start the digitization of botanical collections with the overall wall-to-wall digitization of the flat objects stored in German herbaria. Germany has 70 herbaria holding almost 23 million specimens according to a national survey carried out in 2019. 87% of these specimens are not yet digitized. Experiences from other countries like France, the Netherlands, Finland, the US and Australia show that herbaria can be comprehensively and cost-efficiently digitized in a relatively short time due to established workflows and protocols for the high-throughput digitization of flat objects.Most of the herbaria are part of a university (34), fewer belong to municipal museums (10) or state museums (8), six herbaria belong to institutions also supported by federal funds such as Leibniz institutes, and four belong to non-governmental organizations. A common data infrastructure must therefore integrate different kinds of institutions.Making full use of the data gained by digitization requires the set-up of a digital infrastructure for storage, archiving, content indexing and networking as well as standardized access for the scientific use of digital objects. A standards-based portfolio of technical components has already been developed and successfully tested by the Biodiversity Informatics Community over the last two decades, comprising among others access protocols, collection databases, portals, tools for semantic enrichment and annotation, international networking, storage and archiving in accordance with international standards. This was achieved through the funding by national and international programs and initiatives, which also paved the road for the German contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).Herbaria constitute a large part of the German botanical collections that also comprise living collections in botanical gardens and seed banks, DNA- and tissue samples, specimens preserved in fluids or on microscope slides and more. Once the herbaria are digitized, these resources can be integrated, adding to the value of the overall research infrastructure. The community has agreed on tasks that are shared between the herbaria, as the German GBIF model already successfully demonstrates.We have compiled nine scientific use cases of immediate societal relevance for an integrated infrastructure of botanical collections. They address accelerated biodiversity discovery and research, biomonitoring and conservation planning, biodiversity modelling, the generation of trait information, automated image recognition by artificial intelligence, automated pathogen detection, contextualization by interlinking objects, enabling provenance research, as well as education, outreach and citizen science.We propose to start this initiative now in order to valorize German botanical collections as a vital part of a worldwide biodiversity data pool.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen that causes health-care associated blood stream infections (BSI). Although P. aeruginosa BSI are associated with high mortality rates, the clinical relevance of pathogen-derived prognostic biomarker to identify patients at risk for unfavorable outcome remains largely unexplored. We found novel pathogen-derived prognostic biomarker candidates by applying a multi-omics approach on a multicenter sepsis patient cohort. Multi-level Cox regression was used to investigate the relation between patient characteristics and pathogen features (2298 accessory genes, 1078 core protein levels, 107 parsimony-informative variations in reported virulence factors) with 30-day mortality. Our analysis revealed that presence of the helP gene encoding a putative DEAD-box helicase was independently associated with a fatal outcome (hazard ratio 2.01, p = 0.05). helP is located within a region related to the pathogenicity island PAPI-1 in close proximity to a pil gene cluster, which has been associated with horizontal gene transfer. Besides helP, elevated protein levels of the bacterial flagellum protein FliL (hazard ratio 3.44, p < 0.001) and of a bacterioferritin-like protein (hazard ratio 1.74, p = 0.003) increased the risk of death, while high protein levels of a putative aminotransferase were associated with an improved outcome (hazard ratio 0.12, p < 0.001). The prognostic potential of biomarker candidates and clinical factors was confirmed with different machine learning approaches using training and hold-out datasets. The helP genotype appeared the most attractive biomarker for clinical risk stratification due to its relevant predictive power and ease of detection.
Background: Intestinal perforation or leakage increases morbidity and mortality of surgical and endoscopic interventions. We identified criteria for use of full-covered, extractable self-expanding metal stents (cSEMS) vs. "Over the scope"-clips (OTSC) for leak closure.
Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for postoperative leakage, endoscopic perforation, or spontaneous rupture of the upper gastrointestinal tract between 2006 and 2013 were identified at four tertiary endoscopic centers. Technical success, outcome (e.g. duration of hospitalization, in-hospital mortality), and complications were assessed and analyzed with respect to etiology, size and location of leakage.
Results: Of 106 patients (male: 75 (71%), female: 31 (29%); age (mean ± SD): 62.5 ± 1.3 years, 72 (69%) were treated by cSEMS and 34 (31%) by OTSC. For cSEMS vs. OTSC, mean treatment duration was 41.1 vs. 25 days, p<0.001, leakage size 10 (1-50) vs. 5 (1-30) mm (median (range)), and complications were observed in 68% vs. 8.8%, p<0.001, respectively. Clinical success for primary interventional treatment was observed in 29/72 (40%) vs. 24/34 (70%, p = 0.006), and clinical success at the end of follow-up was 46/72 (64%) vs. 29/34 (85%) for patients treated by cSEMS vs. OTSC; p = 0.04.
Conclusion: OTSC is preferred in small-sized lesions and in perforation caused by endoscopic interventions, cSEMS in patients with concomitant local infection or abscess. cSEMS is associated with a higher frequency of complications. Therefore, OTSC might be preferred if technically feasible. Indication criteria for cSEMS vs. OTSC vary and might impede design of randomized studies.
Background: Due to the steadily increasing number of cancer patients worldwide the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a major field of research. The diagnosis of cancer is mostly performed by an experienced pathologist via the visual inspection of histo-pathological stained tissue sections. To save valuable time, low quality cryosections are frequently analyzed with diagnostic accuracies that are below those of high quality embedded tissue sections. Thus, alternative means have to be found that enable for fast and accurate diagnosis as the basis of following clinical decision making.
Methods: In this contribution we will show that the combination of the three label-free non-linear imaging modalities CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering), TPEF (two-photon excited autofluorescence) and SHG (second harmonic generation) yields information that can be translated into computational hematoxylin and eosin (HE) images by multivariate statistics. Thereby, a computational HE stain is generated resulting in pseudo-HE overview images that allow for identification of suspicious regions. The latter are analyzed further by Raman-spectroscopy retrieving the tissue’s molecular fingerprint.
Results: The results suggest that the combination of non-linear multimodal imaging and Raman-spectroscopy possesses the potential as a precise and fast tool in routine histopathology.
Conclusions: As the key advantage, both optical methods are non-invasive enabling for further pathological investigations of the same tissue section, e.g. a direct comparison with the current pathological gold-standard.
The widely varying therapeutic response of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to raise questions regarding the unclarified heterogeneity of pathological mechanisms promoting disease progression. While biomarkers for the differentiation of Crohn’s disease (CD) versus ulcerative colitis (UC) have been suggested, specific markers for a CD subclassification in ileal CD versus colonic CD are still rare. Since an altered signature of the tryptophan metabolism is associated with chronic inflammatory disease, we sought to characterize potential biomarkers by focusing on the downstream enzymes and metabolites of kynurenine metabolism. Using immunohistochemical stainings, we analyzed and compared the mucosal tryptophan immune metabolism in bioptic samples from patients with active inflammation due to UC or CD versus healthy controls. Localization-specific quantification of immune cell infiltration, tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme expression and mucosal tryptophan downstream metabolite levels was performed. We found generally increased immune cell infiltrates in the tissue of all patients with IBD. However, in patients with CD, significant differences were found between regulatory T cell and neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in the ileum compared with the colon. Furthermore, we observed decreased kynurenine levels as well as strong kynureninase (KYNU) expression specifically in patients with ileal CD. Correspondingly, significantly elevated levels of the kynurenine metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were detected in the ileal CD samples. Highlighting the heterogeneity of the different phenotypes of CD, we identified KYNU as a potential mucosal biomarker allowing the localization-specific differentiation of ileal CD versus colonic CD.