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Agricultural intensification is a major threat to biological diversity worldwide. Land management activities enhancing landscape diversity are therefore regarded as a key strategy to halt species loss in cultural landscapes. Diverse and abundant communities of predatory arthropods, e.g. spiders (Araneae), have a high potential to suppress pest populations (Symondson et al. 2002) and could therefore contribute to allow reductions of pesticide use. Crop fields alone are usually not able to sustain diverse and individual-rich populations of predatory arthropods, because agricultural management results in disturbances and habitat deteriorations (harvest, soil cultivation, pesticide application) that kill or drive away large parts of the populations. Therefore semi-natural and perennial habitats in agricultural landscapes are considered to be of great importance for beneficial arthropods. On the one hand they offer refuge habitats in times when arable fields are hostile, e.g. fields with bare grounds during winter (Schmidt & Tscharntke 2005). On the other hand, viable populations of predatory arthropods in semi-natural habitats can serve as sources for (re-) colonisation of arable fields (Schmidt & Tscharntke 2005). Because of these exchanges between crop and non-crop areas it is important to include the surrounding landscape when investigating field-scale processes. We investigated the relations between spider assemblages in arable fields and the surrounding landscape in 29 fields of winter oilseed rape (OSR) in an agricultural landscape in eastern Austria. The objectives of this study were to estimate (1) how much spider assemblages in oilseed rape fields are influenced by the surrounding landscape, (2) the relative influence of landscape variables compared to field-scale variables and (3) at which spatial scales landscape variables are effective.
In agroecological research it has been appreciated only fairly recently that plant-insect interactions and other ecological processes depend on scales much larger than a single habitat (Wiens et al. 1997). Crop-pest interactions have mainly been studied on single pest species by focusing either on the impact of field parameters or on landscape structure but only rarely included both factors (Östman et al. 2001). Here we investigated how the abundances of three major insect pest species in oilseed rape (OSR) responded to field parameters and landscape characteristics at various spatial scales. Pest species considered in the current study include (i) ceutorhynchid stem weevils that lay eggs in leaf petioles or midribs of OSR plants while the larvae tunnel in the stems; (ii) pollen beetles that feed on pollen and destroy flower buds and (iii) brassica pod midge that lay eggs into OSR pods where the hatched larvae consume the seeds as well as tissue of the pod walls and cause the pods to split prematurely (Alford et al. 2003). Studying these different groups of pests is especially important because they attack different parts of the crop, use different habitats as overwintering sites and also differ in their mobility; with the exception of pollen beetles these pest species have never been studied in a landscape context. The specific objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether the major OSR pest species differ in their relation to field and landscape characteristics and (ii) at which spatial scales landscape variables are effective.
Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by lit, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by light, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.
Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin clade from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have photosensory activity. A distinguishing feature of the clade is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by light, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a strongly blue-shifted intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified clade and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde partiell als Bestandteil eines von der EU geförderten TME-Projektes angefertigt. Das vorrangige Ziel war die Weiterentwicklung der Methodik, die Ring-Testung und die Freiland-Validierung eines offenen und ungestörten terrestrischen Modellökosystems (TMEs). Hierzu wurden die Auswirkungen der Modellchemikalie Carbendazim (fungizider Wirkstoff der Formulierung Derosal®) auf die Enchytraeidenzönose mit TMEs im Labor und in Freiland- Validierungsstudien untersucht. Die Familie Enchytraeidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) unterlag auf Grund ihrer hohen ökologischen Wertigkeit und einer bekannten Sensitivität gegenüber Carbendazim, im Rahmen dieser Arbeit einer weitergehenden und vertiefenden Auswertung. Im Detail wurde analysiert, welcher der mittels TMEs für die Enchytraeen erhobenen Parameter gegenüber der Exposition von Carbendazim am sensitivsten reagiert und bei der statistischen Auswertung den niedrigsten NOEC- bzw. EC50-Wert liefert. Darüber hinaus wurde die Frage geklärt, welche der in einer TME-Studie generierten ökotoxikologischen Kenngrößen, NOEC oder EC50, am sinnvollsten in der Risikobeurteilung eingesetzt werden sollte. Die Versuche wurden in Amsterdam (Niederland), Bangor (Wales, England), Coimbra (Portugal) und Flörsheim (Deutschland) durchgeführt. An allen Standorten wurde mit dem gleichen Equipment gearbeitet. Die TMEs bestanden aus intakten Bodensäulen (Ø = 17.5 cm, Länge = 40 cm) mit ungestörter Schichtung, indigener Bodenfauna und natürlichem Pflanzenbewuchs. Die Entnahme der TMEs erfolgte auf den Flächen, auf denen auch die entsprechenden Freiland-Validierungsstudien durchgeführt wurden. Es handelte sich dabei um Grünland bzw. in einem Fall (Coimbra) um eine landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche. Unabhängig von den jeweiligen Bodeneigenschaften konnten an allen Standorten mit den angewandten Methoden intakte Bodensäulen im Freiland entnommen und über eine dreimonatige Versuchsdauer als TMEs im Labor oder im Gewächshaus installiert werden. Zumindest für diesen Versuchszeitraum war die Aufrechterhaltung einer natürlichen Zönose der Enchytraeen in den TMEs unter den beschriebenen Versuchsbedingungen möglich. Untersucht wurden die Parameter Gesamtabundanz, Artenanzahl, Shannon-Wiener Index, Dominanzspektrum, Abundanz der Gattungen Fridericia und Enchytraeus, Anteil der Juvenilen an der Gesamtabundanz sowie die Vertikalverteilung der Enchytraeidae. Mittels einer multivariaten Statistik (PRC, Principal Response Curve) wurden die Auswirkungen auf den Endpunkt Enchytraeidae-Artengemeinschaft bestimmt. An allen Standorten kam es im TME-Vortest, im TME-Ringtest und in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie bei allen Probennahmezeitpunkten zu einer hohen Variabilität der Messwerte, die durch die heterogene räumliche Verteilung der Enchytraeidae bedingt ist. Traten Unterschiede zwischen den Kontrollen der verschiedenen Probennahmezeitpunkte im TME-Vortest und im TME-Ringtest auf, waren sie meist auf eine hohe Variabilität des jeweiligen Endpunktes zurückzuführen. Nur in wenigen Ausnahmefällen kam es zu einer kontinuierlichen Zunahme während der Versuchsdurchführung. In der Freiland-Validierungsstudie nahmen die jeweiligen Messwerte in den Kontrollen während der Versuchsdauer ab. Dies war die Folge der hohen Sommertemperaturen und der dadurch bedingten Austrocknung des Bodens, die in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie, wie alle Umweltbedingungen, nicht zu kontrollieren war. Beim Vergleich TME-Ringtest versus Freiland-Validierungsstudie lagen die Kontrollwerte der einzelnen Parameter in den beiden Studien in vergleichbaren Größenordnungen. Zwischen den Standorten konnten im TME-Vortest, im TME-Ringtest und in der Freiland- Validierungsstudie für alle Parameter keine prinzipiellen Differenzen bezüglich der Entwicklung der Kontrollen über die Probennahmezeitpunkte beobachtetet werden. An allen Standorten zeigten die untersuchten Parameter im TME-Vortest, im TME-Ringtest und in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie eine gute Übereinstimmung mit in der Literatur veröffentlichten Ergebnissen. Insgesamt lässt sich für die Entwicklung der Kontrollen über die Zeit ableiten, dass sich die Enchytraeenzönosen in den TMEs sowie am entsprechenden Freilandstandort hinsichtlich der untersuchten Parameter und ihrer räumlichen Heterogenität unabhängig von den Bodeneigenschaften nicht unterschieden. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache können systembedingte methodische Fehler bei der Erfassung von Chemikalienwirkungen auf die Enchytraeenzönosen unterschiedlicher Standorte mittels TMEs ausgeschlossen werden. Die grundlegenden Voraussetzungen für den Einsatz von TMEs als ökotoxikologisches Testsystem und Instrument in der Ökotoxikologie sind somit gegeben. An den unterschiedlichen Standorten waren die Auswirkungen von Carbendazim auf die untersuchten Parameter an den unterschiedlichen Probennahmezeitpunkten im TME-Ringtest ähnlich wie in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie. Zum Probennahmezeitpunkt w+16 waren die Effekte im TME-Ringtest und in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie vergleichbar denen im TME-Vortest. Die zwischen den Standorten festgestellten Unterschiede hinsichtlich des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Effekte sind auf die unterschiedlichen Bodeneigenschaften und die speziellen Substanzeigenschaften von Carbendazim zurückzuführen. Daher sollten bei der Planung einer TME-Studie neben den Charakteristika der zu testenden Substanz auch die standortspezifischen pedologischen Gegebenheiten berücksichtigt werden. Dabei sollten die Versuchdauer und das Raster der Probennahmen so angelegt sein, dass die maximalen Auswirkungen einer Testsubstanz sowie eine eventuelle Regeneration festgestellt werden können. Zwischen dem TME-Vortest, dem TME-Ringtest und der Freiland-Validierungsstudie sowie zwischen den verschiedenen Standorten konnten bezüglich der Sensitivität der untersuchten Endpunkte keine Unterschiede beobachtet werden. Die niedrigsten NOEC-Werte wurden im TME-Vortest, im TME-Ringtest und in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie am häufigsten mit den Parametern Dominanzspektrum und Enchytraeidae-Artengemeinschaft bestimmt. Die niedrigsten EC50-Werte (inklusive enger 95 % Vertrauensbereiche) wurden für die mit Hilfe der PRC ermittelten sensitivsten Taxa berechnet. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass multivariate statistische Verfahren wie die PRC am besten geeignet sind, um Multispezies-Testsysteme wie die TMEs auszuwerten. Darüber hinaus lassen sich mittels PRC die jeweils empfindlichsten Taxa ermitteln, für welche dann wiederum EC50-Werte mit sehr engen 95 % Vertrauensbereichen berechnet werden können. Eine einfachere Alternative ist die Auswertung des Parameters Dominanzspektrum. Mit diesem Endpunkt lassen sich sowohl NOEC-Werte bestimmen als auch sensitive Taxa ermitteln für die anschließend EC50-Werte zu berechnet werden können. EC50-Werte waren an allen Standorten sowohl im TME-Vortest und im TME-Ringtest als auch in der Freiland-Validierungsstudie häufiger bestimmbar als NOEC-Werte. Die EC50- Werte lagen meist unter den entsprechenden NOEC-Werten. Der Faktor zwischen den an den einzelnen Standorten ermittelten Minimum- bzw. Maximumwerten war für die EC50-Werte niedriger als für die NOEC-Werte. Die im TME-Ringtest ermittelten NOEC- und EC50-Werte entsprachen denen der Freiland-Validierungsstudie. Beim Vergleich der Standorte zeigten die EC50-Werte eine geringere Streuung als die NOEC-Werte. Der Variationskoeffizient der für den TME-Vortest und den TME-Ringtest berechneten EC50- Werte sowie der Faktor zwischen Minimum- und Maximumwert der unterschiedlichen Institute war denen anderer Ringtests, die mit Labormethoden durchgeführt wurden, vergleichbar, obwohl hier unterschiedliche Böden mit unterschiedlichen Enchytraeenzönosen verwendet wurden. Die im TME-Vortest und im TME-Ringtest festgestellten EC50-Werte sind mit den in der Literatur für Enchytraeen und Lumbriciden angegebenen LC/EC50-Werten sehr gut vergleichbar und liegen im unteren Bereich dieser Angaben. Damit konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nachgewiesen werden, dass die mittels TME generierten Ergebnisse replizierbar und reproduzierbar sind, was eine wichtige Bedingung für die Verwendung als Testsystem in der Ökotoxikologie darstellt. Gleichzeitig wurde mittels der Freiland-Validierungsstudie die ökologische Relevanz der TME-Resultate belegt. TMEs können als sinnvolles Instrument zur Verbesserung der Risikobewertung für das Kompartiment Boden für neue/existierende Chemikalien, Biozide und Pflanzenschutzmittel betrachtet werden. Strukturelle Parameter wie z.B. die Enchytraeidae-Artengemeinschaft oder das Dominanzspektrum sollten in die Auswertung mit einbezogen und multivariate Verfahren wie die PRC verwendet werden. Damit ist es möglich, die sensitivsten Taxa zu identifizieren, Zusammenfasssung 178 für welche EC50-Werte berechnet werden können. Anstelle von NOEC-Werten sollten bei der Auswertung von TME-Studien bevorzugt EC50-Werte als ökotoxikologische Kenngröße in die Risikobewertung eingehen (z.B. zur Berechnung von TER-Werten). Die dabei zu verwendenden Sicherheitsfaktoren sind entsprechend anzupassen. Mit der Kombination Enchytraeidae und TME ist neben der Untersuchung von ökotoxikologischen Effekten zudem eine gute Möglichkeit gegeben, das Bioakkumulationspotential von Chemikalien zu bestimmen. Damit stehen für ökotoxikologische Untersuchungen auf den unterschiedlichsten Ebenen (Labor, Modellökosystem, Freiland, Bioakkumulation) standardisierte Testsysteme mit Enchytraeen zur Bestimmung der Wirkungen und des Verhaltens von Chemikalien zur Verfügung.
As second part of a series focusing on the Pannonian grasslands of Austria, we present a detailed classification of the grasslands of the Vienna Woods (Wienerwald). This region, although geographically belonging to the Alps, has strong floristic affinities to the Pannonian Basin. The eastern slopes of the Vienna Woods are a hotspot of xero-thermophytic vegetation and exhibit the highest vascular plant species richness in Austria at a scale of 3' x 5'. We used the TWINSPAN classification of a large data set reported in the first part of this series as starting point. Relevés that were considered as misclassified at the level of alliances were manually re-arranged. From this table, an excerpt containing only the relevés of the Vienna Woods was used for the present study (1055 plots). We re-classified the relevés preliminary labelled as Arrhenatherion with another TWINSPAN run. Clusters for which no ecological difference could be detected were merged. The final delimitation of associations and subassociations was achieved by adjusting their diagnostic species so as to get units that were most informative in terms of environmental conditions. All re-arrangements were based on the summarised cover of diagnostic species within individual relevés. As a result, the grasslands of the Vienna Woods are classified within 22 associations (plus two subassociations) belonging to ten alliances and four classes. Within the Seslerio-Festucion pallentis, a new association Scorzonero austriacae-Caricetum humilis is described. The semi-dry grasslands of the study area previously classified as Onobrychido-Brometum are de-scribed as new association Filipendulo vulgaris-Brometum erecti and assigned to the Cirsio-Brachypodion. The Anthoxantho-Agrostietum tenuis is reported for Austria for the first time, and its syntaxonomy is discussed within a broader geographical context.
An ever-increasing demand for novel antimicrobials to treat life-threatening infections caused by the global spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens stands in stark contrast to the current level of investment in their development, particularly in the fields of natural-product-derived and synthetic small molecules. New agents displaying innovative chemistry and modes of action are desperately needed worldwide to tackle the public health menace posed by antimicrobial resistance. Here, our consortium presents a strategic blueprint to substantially improve our ability to discover and develop new antibiotics. We propose both short-term and long-term solutions to overcome the most urgent limitations in the various sectors of research and funding, aiming to bridge the gap between academic, industrial and political stakeholders, and to unite interdisciplinary expertise in order to efficiently fuel the translational pipeline for the benefit of future generations.
Background: Due to the difficulties in the definite diagnosis, data on brain imaging in pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS)-invasive mold infection (IMD) are scarce. Our aim was to describe brain imaging abnormalities seen in immunocompromised children with CNS-IMD, and to analyze retrospectively whether specific imaging findings and sequences have a prognostic value. Methods: In a retrospective study of 19 pediatric patients with proven or probable CNS-IMD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-findings were described and analyzed. The results were correlated with outcome, namely death, severe sequelae, or no neurological sequelae. Results: 11 children and 8 adolescents (11/8 with proven/probable CNS-IMD) were included. Seven of the patients died and 12/19 children survived (63%): seven without major neurological sequelae and five with major neurological sequelae. Multifocal ring enhancement and diffusion restriction were the most common brain MRI changes. Diffusion restriction was mostly seen at the core of the lesion. No patient with disease limited to one lobe died. Perivascular microbleeding seen on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and/or gradient-echo/T2* images, as well as infarction, were associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: The presence of infarction was related to poor outcome. As early microbleeding seems to be associated with poor prognosis, we suggest including SWI in routine diagnostic evaluation of immunocompromised children with suspected CNS-IMD.
Invasive mold disease (IMD) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe infectious complication in immunocompromised patients, but early microbiological diagnosis is difficult. As data on the value of biomarkers in the CNS are scarce, in particular in children, we retrospectively analyzed the performance of galactomannan (GM) and PCR assays in CNS samples of 15 children with proven and probable CNS IMD and of 32 immunocompromised children without fungal infection. Galactomannan in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assessed in nine of the 15 pediatric patients and was positive in five of them. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in eight of the 15 patients and detected nucleic acids from molds in six patients. Galactomannan and PCR in CNS samples were the only positive microbiologic parameter in the CNS in three and two patients, respectively. In four patients, PCR specified the pathogen detected in microscopy. Galactomannan and PCR results remained negative in the CSF of all immunocompromised children without evidence for CNS IMD. Our data suggest that GM and PCR in CNS specimens are valuable additional tools in diagnosing CNS IMD and should be included in the work up of all pediatric patients with suspected mold disease of the CNS.
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is the phenomenon of lowered blood pressure after a single bout of exercise. Only a fraction of people develops PEH but its occurrence correlates well with long-term effects of sports on blood pressure. Therefore, PEH has been suggested as a suitable predictor for the effectivity of exercise as therapy in hypertension. Local vascular bioactive lipids might play a potential role in this context. We performed a cross-over clinical pilot study with 18 healthy volunteers to investigate the occurrence of PEH after a single short-term endurance exercise. Furthermore, we investigated the plasma lipid profile with focus on arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites as potential biomarkers of PEH. A single bout of ergometer cycling induced a significant PEH in healthy volunteers with the expected high inter-individual variability. Targeted lipid spectrum analysis revealed significant upregulation of several lipids in the direct post-exercise phase. Among these changes, only 15- hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) correlated significantly with the extent of PEH but in an AA-independent manner, suggesting that 15-HETE might act as specific PEH-marker. Our data indicate that specific lipid modulation might facilitate the identification of patients who will benefit from exercise activity in hypertension therapy. However, larger trials including hypertonic patients are necessary to verify the clinical value of this hypothesis.
Within the well-studied Palearctic entomofauna, it is often assumed that the discovery of new species is limited to resolving cryptic species complexes within dark taxa. Herein, we describe a highly distinctive species of Aphanogmus Thomson, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) from Germany and provide a COI barcoding sequence for the new species. We present a 3D reconstruction of the holotype based on micro-CT to serve as a cybertype. The females of Aphanogmus kretschmanni Moser sp. nov. are diagnosed by two rows of prominent spines on the ventral edge of the 7th metasomal sternite, a character set that has not previously been found in Hymenoptera. We analyse the functional morphology of the ovipositor mechanism and discuss hypotheses regarding the functional implications of the unique modification of the 7th metasomal sternite. Possible host associations are reviewed and the taxonomic placement of the new species is discussed.
The dismal prognosis of pediatric and young adult patients with high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) underscores the need for novel treatment options for this patient group. In previous studies, the tumor-associated surface antigen ERBB2 (HER2/neu) was identified as targetable in high-risk RMS. As a proof of concept, in this study, a novel treatment approach against RMS tumors using a genetically modified natural killer (NK)-92 cell line (NK-92/5.28.z) as an off-the-shelf ERBB2-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered cell product was preclinically explored. In cytotoxicity assays, NK-92/5.28.z cells specifically recognized and efficiently eliminated RMS cell suspensions, tumor cell monolayers, and 3D tumor spheroids via the ERBB2-CAR even at effector-to-target ratios as low as 1:1. In contrast to unmodified parental NK-92 cells, which failed to lyse RMS cells, NK-92/5.28.z cells proliferated and became further activated through contact with ERBB2-positive tumor cells. Furthermore, high amounts of effector molecules, such as proinflammatory and antitumoral cytokines, were found in cocultures of NK-92/5.28.z cells with tumor cells. Taken together, our data suggest the enormous potential of this approach for improving the immunotherapy of treatment-resistant tumors, revealing the dual role of NK-92/5.28.z cells as CAR-targeted killers and modulators of endogenous adaptive immunity even in the inhibitory tumor microenvironment of high-risk RMS.
High-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occurring in childhood to young adulthood is associated with a poor prognosis; especially children above the age of 10 with advanced stage alveolar RMS still succumb to the disease within a median of 2 years. The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells marked significant progress in the treatment of refractory B cell malignancies, but experience for solid tumors has proven challenging. We speculate that this is at least in part due to the poor quality of the patient's own T cells and therefore propose using CAR-modified cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as effector cells. CIK cells are a heterogeneous population of polyclonal T cells that acquire phenotypic and cytotoxic properties of natural killer (NK) cells through the cultivation process, becoming so-called T-NK cells. CIK cells can be genetically modified to express CARs. They are minimally alloreactive and can therefore be acquired from haploidentical first-degree relatives. Here, we explored the potential of ERBB2-CAR-modified random-donor CIK cells as a treatment for RMS in xenotolerant mice bearing disseminated high-risk RMS tumors. In otherwise untreated mice, RMS tumors engrafted 13–35 days after intravenous tumor cell injection, as shown by in vivo bioluminescence imaging, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction for human gDNA, and mice died shortly thereafter (median/range: 62/56–66 days, n = 5). Wild-type (WT) CIK cells given at an early stage delayed and eliminated RMS engraftment in 4 of 6 (67%) mice, while ERBB2-CAR CIK cells inhibited initial tumor load in 8 of 8 (100%) mice. WT CIK cells were detectable but not as active as CAR CIK cells at distant tumor sites. CIK cell therapies during advanced RMS delayed but did not inhibit tumor progression compared to untreated controls. ERBB2-CAR CIK cell therapy also supported innate immunity as evidenced by selective accumulation of NK and T-NK cell subpopulations in disseminated RMS tumors, which was not observed for WT CIK cells. Our data underscore the power of heterogenous immune cell populations (T, NK, and T-NK cells) to control solid tumors, which can be further enhanced with CARs, suggesting ERBB2-CAR CIK cells as a potential treatment for high-risk RMS.
The highly infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 poses a severe threat to humanity and demands the redirection of scientific efforts and criteria to organized research projects. The international COVID19-NMR consortium seeks to provide such new approaches by gathering scientific expertise worldwide. In particular, making available viral proteins and RNAs will pave the way to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 molecular components in detail. The research in COVID19-NMR and the resources provided through the consortium are fully disclosed to accelerate access and exploitation. NMR investigations of the viral molecular components are designated to provide the essential basis for further work, including macromolecular interaction studies and high-throughput drug screening. Here, we present the extensive catalog of a holistic SARS-CoV-2 protein preparation approach based on the consortium’s collective efforts. We provide protocols for the large-scale production of more than 80% of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins or essential parts of them. Several of the proteins were produced in more than one laboratory, demonstrating the high interoperability between NMR groups worldwide. For the majority of proteins, we can produce isotope-labeled samples of HSQC-grade. Together with several NMR chemical shift assignments made publicly available on covid19-nmr.com, we here provide highly valuable resources for the production of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in isotope-labeled form.