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Bei dieser Studie wurde die antivirale Effektivität, sowie die Verträglichkeit von einem selektiven NS3/4A Protease-Inhibitor als Monotherapie und in Kombination mit Peginterferon alfa-2a über einen Behandlungszeitraum von 14 Tagen evaluiert. Bezüglich der Hepatitis unvorbehandelte Patienten mit einer Genotyp 1 Infektion wurden in unterschiedliche Therapiearme randomisiert: (i) Placebo und Peginterferon alfa-2a (n=4), (ii) Telaprevir Monotherapie (n=8) oder (iii) Telaprevir in Kombination mit Peginterferon alfa-2a (n=8). Telaprevir wurde in oraler Tablettenform mit jeweils 750 mg alle 8 Stunden verabreicht und Peginterferon alfa-2a wurde einmal wöchentlich 180 μg subkutan injiziert. Bei der Studie zeigte sich ein medianer Abfall der HCV RNA von Beginn der Therapie bis zu letztem Behandlungstag 15 von -1.09 log10 (Bereich: -2.08 log10 und -0.46 log10) in der Placebo und Peginterferon alfa-2a-Gruppe; -3.99-log10 (Bereich: -5.28 und -1.26) in der Telaprevir-Gruppe, und -5.49-log10 (Bereich: -6.54 und -4.30) in der Kombinations- Gruppe mit Telaprevir plus Peginterferon alfa-2a. Bei 4 Patienten, die mit Telaprevir und Peginterferon alfa-2a behandelt wurden, war die HCV RNA an Tag 15 nicht mehr nachweisbar und bei einem Patienten, der initial mit Telaprevir behandelt wurde. Insgesamt kam es unter der Therapie zu keinem viralen Durchbruch unter der Kombination mit Telaprevir und Peginterferon alfa-2a während der 14-tägigen Behandlung innerhalb der Studie. Die meisten Nebenwirkungen waren von milder Intensität und es kam zu keinen schwerwiegenden Nebenwirkungen oder vorzeitigen Therapieabbrüchen. Die Studie zeigte eine potente antivirale Wirksamkeit von Telaprevir als Monotherapie und bei der Kombination mit Peginterferon alfa-2a kam es zu einer gesteigerten antiviralen Aktivität. Bereits aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse initiierte, größere Studien werden nun evaluieren, ob Telaprevir in Kombination mit Peginterferon alfa und Ribavirin die dauerhaften antiviralen Ansprechraten verbessern kann.
Background: Liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is mostly attributable to co-infection with hepatitis B or C. The impact of other risk factors, including prolonged exposure to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is poorly understood. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in HIV-infected individuals based on non-invasive fibrosis assessment using transient elastography (TE) and serum biomarkers (Fibrotest [FT]).
Methods: In 202 consecutive HIV-infected individuals (159 men; mean age 47 ± 9 years; 35 with hepatitis-C-virus [HCV] co-infection), TE and FT were performed. Repeat TE examinations were conducted 1 and 2 years after study inclusion.
Results: Significant liver fibrosis was present in 16% and 29% of patients, respectively, when assessed by TE (≥ 7.1 kPa) and FT (> 0.48). A combination of TE and FT predicted significant fibrosis in 8% of all patients (31% in HIV/HCV co-infected and 3% in HIV mono-infected individuals). Chronic ALT, AST and γ-GT elevation was present in 29%, 20% and 51% of all cART-exposed patients and in 19%, 8% and 45.5% of HIV mono-infected individuals. Overall, factors independently associated with significant fibrosis as assessed by TE (OR, 95% CI) were co-infection with HCV (7.29, 1.95-27.34), chronic AST (6.58, 1.30-33.25) and γ-GT (5.17, 1.56-17.08) elevation and time on dideoxynucleoside therapy (1.01, 1.00-1.02). In 68 HIV mono-infected individuals who had repeat TE examinations, TE values did not differ significantly during a median follow-up time of 24 months (median intra-patient changes at last TE examination relative to baseline: -0.2 kPa, p = 0.20).
Conclusions: Chronic elevation of liver enzymes was observed in up to 45.5% of HIV mono-infected patients on cART. However, only a small subset had significant fibrosis as predicted by TE and FT. There was no evidence for fibrosis progression during follow-up TE examinations.
Background: MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is up-regulated in tumor tissue of patients with malignant diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Elevated concentrations of miR-21 have also been found in sera or plasma from patients with malignancies, rendering it an interesting candidate as serum/plasma marker for malignancies. Here we correlated serum miR-21 levels with clinical parameters in patients with different stages of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC) and CHC-associated HCC.
Methodology/Principal Findings: 62 CHC patients, 29 patients with CHC and HCC and 19 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. RNA was extracted from the sera and miR-21 as well as miR-16 levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR; miR-21 levels (normalized by miR-16) were correlated with standard liver parameters, histological grading and staging of CHC. The data show that serum levels of miR-21 were elevated in patients with CHC compared to healthy controls (P<0.001); there was no difference between serum miR-21 in patients with CHC and CHC-associated HCC. Serum miR-21 levels correlated with histological activity index (HAI) in the liver (r = −0.494, P = 0.00002), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = −0.309, P = 0.007), aspartate aminotransferase (r = −0.495, P = 0.000007), bilirubin (r = −0.362, P = 0.002), international normalized ratio (r = −0.338, P = 0.034) and γ-glutamyltransferase (r = −0.244, P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed that ALT and miR-21 serum levels were independently associated with HAI. At a cut-off dCT of 1.96, miR-21 discriminated between minimal and mild-severe necroinflammation (AUC = 0.758) with a sensitivity of 53.3% and a specificity of 95.2%.
Conclusions/Significance: The serum miR-21 level is a marker for necroinflammatory activity, but does not differ between patients with HCV and HCV-induced HCC.