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Shelley, Rowland M. ; McAllister, Chris T. ; Nagy, Christopher M. ; Weckel, Mark E. ; Christie, Roderick G. ; Wilson, Paul ; Wilson, Allan
The southern Appalachian millipeds Boraria stricta (Brölemann, 1896) and B. infesta (Chamberlin, 1918) (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) have become established in Westchester Co., New York, and Hartford Co., Connecticut, respectively. Only three individuals are available for the latter, but B. stricta has established a reproducing population in southern New York state. This species is also recorded from Bland Co., Virginia, in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province. Boraria profuga (Causey, 1955) comprises two allopatric populations, one in Montgomery Co., Arkansas, and the other in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. Distributional records and gonopod drawings are presented for these species plus B. deturkiana (Causey, 1942).
Randall, Joshua C. ; Winkler, Thomas W. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; I. Berndt, Sonja ; Jackson, Anne U. ; Monda, Keri L. ; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. ; Esko, Tõnu ; Mägi, Reedik ; Li, Shengxu ; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ; Feitosa, Mary F. ; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. ; Day, Felix R. ; Fall, Tove ; Ferreira, Teresa ; Gustafsson, Stefan ; Locke, Adam E. ; Mathieson, Iain ; Scherag, André ; Vedantam, Sailaja ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Liang, Liming ; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur ; Thorleifsson, Gudmar ; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. ; Dimas, Antigone S. ; Karpe, Fredrik ; Min, Josine L. ; Nicholson, George ; Clegg, Deborah J. ; Person, Thomas ; Krohn, Jon P. ; Bauer, Sabrina ; Buechler, Christa ; Eisinger, Kristina ; Bonnefond, Amélie ; Froguel, Philippe ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Waite, Lindsay L. ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Smith, Albert Vernon ; Shuldiner, Alan R. ; McArdle, Wendy L. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Munroe, Patricia B. ; Grönberg, Henrik ; Chen, Yii-Der Ida ; Li, Guo ; Beckmann, Jacques S. ; Johnson, Toby ; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur ; Teder-Laving, Maris ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Amin, Najaf ; Oostra, Ben A. ; Kraja, Aldi T. ; Province, Michael A. ; Cupples, L. Adrienne ; Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ; Kaprio, Jaakko ; Ripatti, Samuli ; Surakka, Ida ; Collins, Francis S. ; Saramies, Jouko ; Tuomilehto, Jaakko ; Jula, Antti ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Erdmann, Jeanette ; Hengstenberg, Christian ; Loley, Christina ; Schunkert, Heribert ; Lamina, Claudia ; Wichmann, Heinz Erich ; Albrecht, Eva ; Gieger, Christian ; Hicks, Andrew A. ; Johansson, Åsa ; Pramstaller, Peter P. ; Kathiresan, Sekar ; Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Gyllensten, Ulf ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Chanock, Stephen J. ; Farrall, Martin ; Goel, Anuj ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Estrada, Karol ; Uitterlinden, André G. ; Hofman, Albert ; Zillikens, M. Carola ; Heijer, Martin den ; Kiemeney, Lambertus Adrianus ; Maschio, Andrea ; Hall, Per ; Tyrer, Jonathan ; Teumer, Alexander ; Völzke, Henry ; Kovacs, Peter ; Tönjes, Anke ; Mangino, Massimo ; Spector, Tim D. ; Hayward, Caroline ; Rudan, Igor ; Hall, Alistair S. ; Samani, Nilesh J. ; Attwood, Antony Paul ; Sambrook, Jennifer G. ; Hung, Joseph ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Lokki, Marja-Liisa ; Sinisalo, Juha ; Boucher, Gabrielle ; Huikuri, Heikki ; Lorentzon, Mattias ; Ohlsson, Claes ; Eklund, Niina ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Barlassina, Cristina ; Rivolta, Carlo ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Snieder, Harold ; Klauw, Melanie M. van der ; Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. van ; Gejman, Pablo V. ; Shi, Jianxin ; Jacobs, Kevin B. ; Wang, Zhaoming ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Mateo Leach, Irene ; Navis, Gerjan ; Harst, Pim van der ; Martin, Nicholas Gordon ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Yang, Jian ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Ridker, Paul M. ; Rose, Lynda M. ; Lehtimäki, Terho ; Raitakari, Olli ; Absher, Devin ; Iribarren, Carlos ; Basart, Hanneke ; Hovingh, Kees G. ; Hyppönen, Elina ; Power, Chris ; Power, Chris ; Anderson, Denise ; Beilby, John P. ; Hui, Jennie ; Jolley, Jennifer ; Sager, Hendrik ; Bornstein, Stefan R. ; Schwarz, Peter E. H. ; Kristiansson, Kati ; Perola, Markus ; Lindström, Jaana ; Swift, Amy J. ; Uusitupa, Matti ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Rauramaa, Rainer ; Bolton, Jennifer L. ; Fowkes, Gerry ; Fraser, Ross M. ; Price, Jackie F. ; Fischer, Krista ; KrjutÅ¡kov, Kaarel ; Metspalu, Andres ; Mihailov, Evelin ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Luan, Jian'an ; Ong, Ken K. ; Chines, Peter S. ; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M. ; Saaristo, Timo E. ; Edkins, Sarah ; Franks, Paul W. ; Hallmans, Göran ; Shungin, Dmitry ; Morris, Andrew David ; Palmer, Colin N. A. ; Erbel, Raimund ; Moebus, Susanne ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Pechlivanis, Sonali ; Hveem, Kristian ; Narisu, Narisu ; Hamsten, Anders ; Humphries, Steve E. ; Strawbridge, Rona J. ; Tremoli, Elena ; Grallert, Harald ; Thorand, Barbara ; Illig, Thomas ; Koenig, Wolfgang ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Peters, Annette ; Böhm, Bernhard O. ; Kleber, Marcus E. ; März, Winfried ; Winkelmann, Bernhard R. ; Kuusisto, Johanna ; Laakso, Markku ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Cesana, Giancarlo ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Virtamo, Jarmo ; Yarnell, John W. G. ; Kuh, Diana ; Wong, Andrew ; Lind, Lars ; Faire, Ulf de ; Gigante, Bruna ; Magnusson, Patrik K. E. ; Pedersen, Nancy L. ; Dedoussis, George ; Dimitriou, Maria ; Kolovou, Genovefa ; Kanoni, Stavroula ; Stirrups, Kathleen ; Bonnycastle, Lori L. ; Njølstad, Inger ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Ganna, Andrea ; Rehnberg, Emil ; Hingorani, Aroon ; Kivimaki, Mika ; Kumari, Meena ; Assimes, Themistocles L. ; Barroso, Inês ; Boehnke, Michael ; Borecki, Ingrid B. ; Deloukas, Panos ; Fox, Caroline S. ; Frayling, Timothy ; Groop, Leif C. ; Haritunians, Talin ; Hunter, David ; Ingelsson, Erik ; Kaplan, Robert ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; North, Kari E. ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Qi, Lu ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Heid, Iris M. ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Abecasis, Gonçalo R. ; Stefansson, Kari ; Strachan, David P. ; Schlessinger, David ; O'Connell, Jeffrey R. ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van
Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
Ackermann, K. H. ; Adams, N. ; Adler, Clemens ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Shakeel ; Allgower, Chris ; Amsbaugh, J. ; Anderson, Mike ; Anderssen, E. ; Arnesen, H. ; Arnold, L. ; Averichev, Georgy S. ; Baldwin, A. ; Balewski, Jan ; Barannikova, Olga ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Baudot, Jérome ; Beddo, Michael E. ; Bekele, Selemon ; Belaga, Victoria Vladimirovna ; Bellwied, Rene ; Bennett, Samuel ; Bercovitz, J. ; Berger, Jens ; Betts, W. ; Bichsel, Hans ; Bieser, Fred ; Bland, Leslie C. ; Bloomer, Matthew A. ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Boehm, J. ; Bonner, Billy E. ; Bonnet, D. ; Bossingham, R. ; Botlo, M. ; Boucham, Abdelkrim ; Bouillo, N. ; Bouvier, S. ; Bradley, K. ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Braithwaite, E. S. ; Braithwaite, Wilfred J. ; Brandin, Andrei V. ; Brown, R. L. ; Brugalette, G. ; Byrd, C. ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Manuel ; Cardenas, Andrés ; Carr, Lincoln D. ; Carroll, J. ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Caylor, B. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Chatopadhyay, S. ; Chen, M. L. ; Chen, W. ; Chen, Y. ; Chernenko, Sergey P. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Chikanian, Alexei ; Choi, B. ; Chrin, J. ; Christie, William ; Coffin, Jean Pierre ; Conin, Laurent ; Consiglio, C. ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Cramer, John G. ; Crawford, Henry J. ; Danilov, V. I. ; Dayton, D. ; DeMello, M. ; Deng, W. S. ; Derevschikov, Anatoly A. ; Dialinas, M. ; Diaz, H. ; DeYoung, P. A. ; Didenko, Lidia ; Dimassimo, D. ; Dioguardi, J. ; Dominik, W. ; Drancourt, C. ; Draper, James E. ; Dunin, V. B. ; Dunlop, James C. ; Eckardt, Volker ; Edwards, W. R. ; Efimov, Leonid G. ; Eggert, Tobias ; Emelianov, V. ; Engelage, Jon M. ; Eppley, Geary Wareham ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Etkin, A. ; Fachini, Patricia ; Feliciano, C. ; Ferenc, Daniel ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fessler, H. ; Finch, Evan ; Fine, Valeri ; Fisyak, Yuri V. ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Flores, I. ; Foley, K. J. ; Fritz, D. ; Gagunashvili, N. ; Gans, J. ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Germain, Marie ; Geurts, Frank ; Ghazikhanian, Vahe ; Gojak, C. ; Grabski, J. ; Grachov, Oleg A. ; Grau, M. ; Greiner, D. ; Greiner, Leo Clifford ; Grigoriev, Vladislav A. ; Grosnick, David P. ; Gross, J. ; Guilloux, G. ; Gushin, E. ; Hall, J. ; Hallman, Timothy J. ; Hardtke, David H. ; Harper, G. ; Harris, John W. ; He, P. ; Heffner, Michael D. ; Heppelmann, Steven Francis ; Herston, T. ; Hill, D. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hirsch, Andrew S. ; Hjort, Eric ; Hoffmann, Gerald W. ; Horsley, M. ; Howe, Mark A. ; Huang, Huan Zhong ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Hunt, W. ; Hunter, J. ; Igo, George J. ; Ishihara, A. ; Ivanshin, Yu. I. ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jacobs, William W. ; Jacobson, S. ; Jared, R. ; Jensen, P. ; Johnson, I. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Judd, Eleanor G. ; Kaneta, Kaneta ; Kaplan, Morton ; Keane, Declan ; Kenney, V. P. ; Khodinov, A. ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Spencer Robert ; Klyachko, A. ; Koehler, G. ; Konstantinov, A. S. ; Kormilitsyne, V. ; Kotchenda, L. ; Kotov, I. ; Kovalenko, A. D. ; Kramer, M. ; Kravtsov, Peter ; Krueger, Keith William ; Krupien, T. ; Kuczewski, P. ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kunde, Gerd J. ; Kunz, Christopher Lee ; Kutuev, R. Kh. ; Kuznetsov, A. A. ; Lakehal-Ayat, L. ; Lamas-Valverde, Jose ; Lamont, Matthew A. C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; Lange, S. ; Lansdell, Curtis Patrick Leon ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Laue, Frank ; Lebedev, Alexei ; LeCompte, T. ; Leonhardt, W. J. ; Leontiev, V. M. ; Leszczynski, P. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Z. ; Liaw, C.-J. ; Lin, J. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lindstrom, P. J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, H. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; LoCurto, G. ; Long, H. ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Lopez-Noriega, M. ; Lopiano, D. ; Love, William A. ; Lutz, J. R. ; Lynn, David ; Madansky, L. ; Maier, R. ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Maliszewski, A. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Marks, K. ; Marstaller, R. ; Martin, L. ; Marx, Jay N. ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yuri A. ; Matyushevski, E. A. ; McParland, C. ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meier, J. ; Melnick, Yu. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Middlekamp, P. ; Mikhalin, N. ; Miller, B. ; Milosevich, Z. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Minor, B. ; Mitchell, J. ; Mogavero, E. ; Moiseenko, V. A. ; Moltz, D. ; Moore, C. F. ; Morozov, V. ; Morse, Richard J. ; de Moura, M. M. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Mutchler, G. S. ; Nelson, John M. ; Nevski, P. ; Ngo, T. ; Nguyen, M. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nikitin, Vladimir A. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Noggle, T. ; Norman, B. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Nussbaum, Ted ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Ogilvie, C. A. ; Olchanski, K. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Ososkov, Gennadij A. ; Ott, G. ; Padrazo, D. ; Paic, Guy ; Pandey, S. U. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Panitkin, Sergei Yurievich ; Pavlinov, A. I. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Pentia, M. ; Perevotchikov, V. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Petrov, V. A ; Pinganaud, W. ; Pirogov, S. ; Platner, E. ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Polk, I. ; Porile, Norbert T. ; Porter, Jeffrey Brent ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potrebenikova, E. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Puskar-Pasewicz, J. ; Rai, Gulshan ; Rasson, J. ; Ravel, Olivier ; Ray, Robert L. ; Razin, Sergej V. ; Reichhold, Dennis Michael ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retiere, Fabrice ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Riso, J. ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Rogachevski, O. V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Russ, D. ; Rykov, Vladimir L. ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sanchez, R. ; Sandler, Z. ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sappenfield, P. ; Saulys, A. C. ; Savin, Igor A. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Scheblien, J. ; Scheetz, R. ; Schlueter, R. ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schroeder, Lee S. ; Schulz, M. ; Schüttauf, Andreas ; Sedlmeir, J. ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Seliverstov, D. ; Seyboth, J. ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seymour, R. ; Shakaliev, E. I. ; Shestermanov, Konstantin E. ; Shi, Y. ; Shimanskii, S. S. ; Shuman, Derek ; Shvetcov, V. S. ; Skoro, Goran P. ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Smykov, L. P. ; Snellings, Raimond ; Solberg, K. ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar ; Stephenson, Edward J. ; Stock, Reinhard ; Stolpovsky, Alexander ; Stone, N. ; Stone, R. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Struck, Christof ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Sugarbaker, Evan R. ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tarchini, A. ; Tarzian, J. ; Thomas, James H. ; Tikhomirov, V. ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Tonse, Shaheen ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Tonjes, Marguerite Belt ; Trofimov, V. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Turner, K. ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Vakula, I. ; Van Buren, Gene ; VanderMolen, A. M. ; Vanyashin, A. ; Vasilevski, I. M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Visser, G. ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vu, C. ; Wang, F. ; Ward, H. ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Weidenbach, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wenaus, T. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitfield, J. P. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Willson, Robert ; Wilson, K. ; Wirth, Joana ; Wisdom, J. ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wolf, J. ; Wood, Lindsay ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Z. ; Yakutin, A. E. ; Yamamoto, E. ; Yang, J. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yokosawa, A. ; Yurevich, Vladimir Yurevich ; Zanevski, Y. V. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhu, Jianhui ; Zimmerman, D. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zubarev, A. N.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Hossaini, Ryan ; Patra, Prabir K. ; Leeson, Amber A. ; Krysztofiak, Gisèle ; Abraham, N. Luke ; Andrews, Steve J. ; Archibald, Alexander Thomas ; Aschmann, Jan ; Atlas, Elliot L. ; Belikov, Dmitry A. ; Bönisch, Harald ; Butler, Robyn ; Carpenter, Lucy J. ; Dhomse, Sandip ; Dorf, Marcel ; Engel, Andreas ; Feng, Liang ; Feng, Wuhu ; Fuhlbrügge, Steffen ; Griffiths, Paul T. ; Harris, Neil R. P. ; Hommel, René ; Keber, Timo ; Krüger, Kirstin ; Lennartz, Sinikka T. ; Maksyutov, Shamil ; Mantle, Hannah ; Mills, Graham ; Miller, Benjamin R. ; Montzka, Stephen A. ; Moore, Fred ; Navarro, Maria A. ; Oram, David ; Palmer, Paul I. ; Pfeilsticker, Klaus ; Pyle, John A. ; Quack, Birgit ; Robinson, Andrew D. ; Saikawa, Eri ; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso ; Sala, Stephan ; Sinnhuber, Björn-Martin ; Taguchi, Shoichi ; Tegtmeier, Susann ; Lidster, Richard Terence ; Wilson, Chris ; Ziska, Franziska
The first concerted multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) has been performed, within the framework of the ongoing Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom). Eleven global models or model variants participated, simulating the major natural bromine VSLS, bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), over a 20-year period (1993-2012). The overarching goal of TransCom-VSLS was to provide a reconciled model estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection (SGI) of bromine from these gases, to constrain the current measurement-derived range, and to investigate inter-model differences
due to emissions and transport processes. Models ran with standardised idealised chemistry, to isolate differences due to transport, and we investigated the sensitivity of results to a range of VSLS emission inventories. Models were tested in their ability to reproduce the observed seasonal and spatial distribution of VSLS at the surface, using measurements from NOAA’s long-term global monitoring network, and in the tropical troposphere, using recent aircraft measurements - including high altitude observations from the NASA Global Hawk platform.
The models generally capture the seasonal cycle of surface CHBr3 and CH2Br2 well, with a strong model measurement correlation (r ≥0.7) and a low sensitivity to the choice of emission inventory, at most sites. In a given model, the absolute model-measurement agreement is highly sensitive to the choice of emissions and inter-model differences are also apparent, even when using the same inventory, highlighting the challenges faced in evaluating such inventories at the global scale. Across the ensemble, most consistency is found within the tropics where most of the models (8 out of 11) achieve optimal agreement to surface CHBr3 observations using the lowest of the three CHBr3 emission inventories tested (similarly, 8 out of 11 models for CH2Br2). In general, the models are able to reproduce well observations of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 obtained in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) at various locations throughout the Pacific. Zonal variability in VSLS loading in the TTL is generally consistent among models, with CHBr3 (and to a lesser extent CH2Br2) most elevated over the tropical West Pacific during boreal winter. The models also indicate the Asian Monsoon during boreal summer to be an important pathway for VSLS reaching the stratosphere, though the strength of this signal varies considerably among models.
We derive an ensemble climatological mean estimate of the stratospheric bromine SGI from CHBr3 and CH2Br2 of 2.0 (1.2-2.5) ppt, ∼57% larger than the best estimate from the most re- cent World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Ozone Assessment Report. We find no evidence for a long-term, transport-driven trend in the stratospheric SGI of bromine over the simulation period. However, transport-driven inter-annual variability in the annual mean bromine SGI is of the order of a ±5%, with SGI exhibiting a strong positive correlation with ENSO in the East Pacific
Ackermann, K. H. ; Adams, N. ; Adler, Clemens ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahmad, Shakeel ; Allgower, Chris ; Amsbaugh, J. ; Anderson, Mike ; Anderssen, E. ; Arnesen, H. ; Arnold, L. ; Averichev, Georgy S. ; Baldwin, A. ; Balewski, Jan ; Barannikova, Olga ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Baudot, Jérome ; Beddo, M. ; Bekele, Selemon ; Belaga, Victoria Vladimirovna ; Bellwied, Rene ; Bennett, Samuel ; Bercovitz, J. ; Berger, Jens ; Betts, W. ; Bichsel, Hans ; Bieser, F. ; Bland, Leslie C. ; Bloomer, Matthew A. ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Boehm, J. ; Bonner, Billy E. ; Bonnet, D. ; Bossingham, R. ; Botlo, M. ; Boucham, Abdelkrim ; Bouillo, N. ; Bouvier, S. ; Bradley, K. ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Braithwaite, E. S. ; Braithwaite, Wilfred J. ; Brandin, Andrei V. ; Brown, R. L. ; Brugalette, G. ; Byrd, C. ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Manuel ; Cardenas, Andrés ; Carr, Lincoln D. ; Carroll, J. ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Caylor, B. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Chatopadhyay, S. ; Chen, M. L. ; Chen, W. ; Chen, Y. ; Chernenko, Sergey P. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Chikanian, Alexei ; Choi, B. ; Chrin, J. ; Christie, William ; Coffin, Jean Pierre ; Conin, L. ; Consiglio, C. ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Cramer, John G. ; Crawford, Henry J. ; Danilov, V. I. ; Dayton, D. ; DeMello, M. ; Deng, W. S. ; Derevschikov, Anatoly A. ; Dialinas, M. ; Diaz, H. ; DeYoung, P. A. ; Didenko, Lidia ; Dimassimo, D. ; Dioguardi, J. ; Dominik, W. ; Drancourt, C. ; Draper, James E. ; Dunin, V. B. ; Dunlop, James C. ; Eckardt, Volker ; Edwards, W. R. ; Efimov, Leonid G. ; Eggert, T. ; Emelianov, V. ; Engelage, Jon M. ; Eppley, Geary Wareham ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Etkin, A. ; Fachini, Patricia ; Feliciano, C. ; Ferenc, D. ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fessler, H. ; Finch, Evan ; Fine, Valeri ; Fisyak, Yuri V. ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Flores, I. ; Foley, Kenneth John ; Fritz, D. ; Gagunashvili, N. ; Gans, J. ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Germain, Marie ; Geurts, Frank ; Ghazikhanian, Vahe ; Gojak, C. ; Grabski, J. ; Grachov, Oleg A. ; Grau, M. ; Greiner, D. ; Greiner, Leo Clifford ; Grigoriev, Vladislav A. ; Grosnick, David P. ; Gross, J. ; Guilloux, G. ; Gushin, E. ; Hall, J. ; Hallman, Timothy J. ; Hardtke, David H. ; Harper, G. ; Harris, John W. ; He, P. ; Heffner, M. ; Heppelmann, S. ; Herston, T. ; Hill, D. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hirsch, Andrew S. ; Hjort, Eric ; Hoffmann, Gerald W. ; Horsley, M. ; Howe, Mark A. ; Huang, Huan Zhong ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hümmler, H. ; Hunt, W. ; Hunter, J. ; Igo, George J. ; Ishihara, A. ; Ivanshin, Yu. I. ; Jacobs, P. ; Jacobs, William W. ; Jacobson, S. ; Jared, R. ; Jensen, P. ; Johnson, I. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Judd, Eleanor G. ; Kaneta, Kaneta ; Kaplan, Morton ; Keane, Declan ; Kenney, V. P. ; Khodinov, A. ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Spencer Robert ; Klyachko, A. ; Koehler, G. ; Konstantinov, A. S. ; Kormilitsyne, V. ; Kotchenda, L. ; Kotov, I. ; Kovalenko, A. D. ; Kramer, M. ; Kravtsov, Peter ; Krueger, Keith William ; Krupien, T. ; Kuczewski, P. ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kunde, Gerd J. ; Kunz, Christopher Lee ; Kutuev, R. Kh. ; Kuznetsov, A. A. ; Lakehal-Ayat, L. ; Lamas-Valverde, Jose ; Lamont, Matthew A. C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; Lange, S. ; Lansdell, Curtis Patrick Leon ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Laue, Frank ; Lebedev, Alexei ; LeCompte, T. ; Leonhardt, W. J. ; Leontiev, V. M. ; Leszczynski, P. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Z. ; Liaw, C.-J. ; Lin, J. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lindstrom, P. J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, H. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; LoCurto, G. ; Long, H. ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Lopez-Noriega, M. ; Lopiano, D. ; Love, William A. ; Lutz, J. R. ; Lynn, David ; Madansky, L. ; Maier, R. ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Maliszewski, A. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Marks, K. ; Marstaller, R. ; Martin, L. ; Marx, Jay N. ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yuri A. ; Matyushevski, E. A. ; McParland, C. ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meier, J. ; Melnick, Yu. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Middlekamp, P. ; Mikhalin, N. ; Miller, B. ; Milosevich, Z. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Minor, B. ; Mitchell, J. ; Mogavero, E. ; Moiseenko, V. A. ; Moltz, D. ; Moore, C. F. ; Morozov, V. ; Morse, R. ; de Moura, M. M. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Mutchler, G. S. ; Nelson, John M. ; Nevski, P. ; Ngo, T. ; Nguyen, M. ; Nguyen, T. ; Nikitin, Vladimir A. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Noggle, T. ; Norman, B. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Nussbaum, T. ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Ogilvie, C. A. ; Olchanski, K. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Ososkov, G. A. ; Ott, G. ; Padrazo, D. ; Paic, Guy ; Pandey, S. U. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Panitkin, Sergei Yurievich ; Pavlinov, Alexei I. ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Pentia, M. ; Perevotchikov, V. ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Petrov, V. A ; Pinganaud, W. ; Pirogov, S. ; Platner, E. ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Polk, I. ; Porile, Norbert T. ; Porter, Jeffrey Brent ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potrebenikova, E. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Puskar-Pasewicz, J. ; Rai, Gulshan ; Rasson, J. ; Ravel, Olivier ; Ray, Robert L. ; Razin, Sergej V. ; Reichhold, Dennis Michael ; Reid, J. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retiere, Fabrice ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Riso, J. ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Rogachevski, O. V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Russ, D. ; Rykov, Vladimir L. ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sanchez, R. ; Sandler, Z. ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sappenfield, P. ; Saulys, A. C. ; Savin, Igor A. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Scheblien, J. ; Scheetz, R. ; Schlueter, R. ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schroeder, Lee S. ; Schulz, M. ; Schüttauf, Andreas ; Sedlmeir, J. ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Seliverstov, D. ; Seyboth, J. ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seymour, R. ; Shakaliev, E. I. ; Shestermanov, Konstantin E. ; Shi, Y. ; Šimanskij, Stepan S. ; Shuman, D. ; Shvetcov, V. S. ; Skoro, Goran P. ; Smirnov, N. ; Smykov, L. P. ; Snellings, Raimond ; Solberg, K. ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, B. ; Stephenson, Edward J. ; Stock, Reinhard ; Stolpovsky, Alexander ; Stone, N. ; Stone, R. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Stroebele, H. ; Struck, Christof ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Sugarbaker, Evan R. ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tarchini, A. ; Tarzian, J. ; Thomas, James H. ; Tikhomirov, V. ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Tonse, S. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Tonjes, Marguerite Belt ; Trofimov, V. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Turner, K. ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Vakula, I. ; Van Buren, Gene ; VanderMolen, A. M. ; Vanyashin, A. ; Vasilevski, I. M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Visser, G. ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vu, C. ; Wang, F. ; Ward, H. ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Weidenbach, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wells, R. ; Wenaus, T. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitfield, J. P. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Willson, Robert ; Wilson, K. ; Wirth, Joana ; Wisdom, J. ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wolf, J. ; Wood, L. ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Z. ; Yakutin, A. E. ; Yamamoto, E. ; Yang, J. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yokosawa, A. ; Yurevich, Vladimir Yurevich ; Zanevski, Y. V. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhu, Jianhui ; Zimmerman, D. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zubarev, A. N.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Wallum and related vegetation on the NSW North Coast : description and phytosociological analysis
(2003)
Wallum is the regionally distinct vegetation on coastal dunefields, beach ridge plains and sandy backbarrier flats in subtropical northern NSW and southern Queensland (22°S to 33°S). This study examined floristic patterns in the wallum and allied vegetation along 400 km of coastline in north-eastern NSW. Floristic and environmental data were compiled for 494 quadrats allocated on the basis of air photo pattern and latitude. A phytosociological classification displayed strong congruence with an initial classification based upon photo pattern, especially for single stratum vegetation, thereby suggesting that API (air photo interpretation) is a valuable technique for the recognition of floristic assemblages. The utility of API for depicting the spatial distribution of tallest stratum species in multi-stratum vegetation was also confirmed. Nonetheless, photo signatures of the tallest stratum are less satisfactory as surrogates for identifying noda for the full complement of species in multi-stratum vegetation. Ordination supported the numerical classification, and reinforced the value of API for capturing meaningful biological and environmental data. Plant – environment relationships were examined for a range of variables. The consistent trend to emerge was a comparatively strong correlation between floristic composition and topographic position, and in some instances also between floristic composition and geology. Mean species richness at the 25 m2 scale was lower in wetter habitats, although differences were not consistently significant.
Hossaini, Ryan ; Patra, Prabir K. ; Leeson, Amber A. ; Krysztofiak, Gisèle ; Abraham, N. Luke ; Andrews, Steve J. ; Archibald, Alexander Thomas ; Aschmann, Jan ; Atlas, Elliot L. ; Belikov, Dmitry A. ; Bönisch, Harald ; Carpenter, Lucy J. ; Dhomse, Sandip ; Dorf, Marcel ; Engel, Andreas ; Feng, Wuhu ; Fuhlbrügge, Steffen ; Griffiths, Paul T. ; Harris, Neil R. P. ; Hommel, René ; Keber, Timo ; Krüger, Kirstin ; Lennartz, Sinikka T. ; Maksyutov, Shamil ; Mantle, Hannah ; Mills, Graham ; Miller, Benjamin R. ; Montzka, Stephen A. ; Moore, Fred ; Navarro, Maria A. ; Oram, David ; Pfeilsticker, Klaus ; Pyle, John A. ; Quack, Birgit ; Robinson, Andrew D. ; Saikawa, Eri ; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso ; Sala, Stephan ; Sinnhuber, Björn-Martin ; Taguchi, Shoichi ; Tegtmeier, Susann ; Lidster, Richard Terence ; Wilson, Chris ; Ziska, Franziska
The first concerted multi-model intercomparison of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) has been performed, within the framework of the ongoing Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom). Eleven global models or model variants participated (nine chemical transport models and two chemistry–climate models) by simulating the major natural bromine VSLS, bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), over a 20-year period (1993–2012). Except for three model simulations, all others were driven offline by (or nudged to) reanalysed meteorology. The overarching goal of TransCom-VSLS was to provide a reconciled model estimate of the stratospheric source gas injection (SGI) of bromine from these gases, to constrain the current measurement-derived range, and to investigate inter-model differences due to emissions and transport processes. Models ran with standardised idealised chemistry, to isolate differences due to transport, and we investigated the sensitivity of results to a range of VSLS emission inventories. Models were tested in their ability to reproduce the observed seasonal and spatial distribution of VSLS at the surface, using measurements from NOAA's long-term global monitoring network, and in the tropical troposphere, using recent aircraft measurements – including high-altitude observations from the NASA Global Hawk platform.
The models generally capture the observed seasonal cycle of surface CHBr3 and CH2Br2 well, with a strong model–measurement correlation (r ≥ 0.7) at most sites. In a given model, the absolute model–measurement agreement at the surface is highly sensitive to the choice of emissions. Large inter-model differences are apparent when using the same emission inventory, highlighting the challenges faced in evaluating such inventories at the global scale. Across the ensemble, most consistency is found within the tropics where most of the models (8 out of 11) achieve best agreement to surface CHBr3 observations using the lowest of the three CHBr3 emission inventories tested (similarly, 8 out of 11 models for CH2Br2). In general, the models reproduce observations of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 obtained in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) at various locations throughout the Pacific well. Zonal variability in VSLS loading in the TTL is generally consistent among models, with CHBr3 (and to a lesser extent CH2Br2) most elevated over the tropical western Pacific during boreal winter. The models also indicate the Asian monsoon during boreal summer to be an important pathway for VSLS reaching the stratosphere, though the strength of this signal varies considerably among models.
We derive an ensemble climatological mean estimate of the stratospheric bromine SGI from CHBr3 and CH2Br2 of 2.0 (1.2–2.5) ppt, ∼ 57 % larger than the best estimate from the most recent World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Ozone Assessment Report. We find no evidence for a long-term, transport-driven trend in the stratospheric SGI of bromine over the simulation period. The transport-driven interannual variability in the annual mean bromine SGI is of the order of ±5 %, with SGI exhibiting a strong positive correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the eastern Pacific. Overall, our results do not show systematic differences between models specific to the choice of reanalysis meteorology, rather clear differences are seen related to differences in the implementation of transport processes in the models.
Slik, J. W. Ferry ; Franklin, Janet ; Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor ; Field, Richard ; Aguilar, Salomon ; Aguirre, Nikolay ; Ahumada, Jorge ; Aiba, Shin-Ichiro ; Alves, Luciana F. ; Anitha, Kamalakumari ; Avella, Andres ; Mora, Francisco ; Aymard, Gerardo A. ; Báez, Selene ; Balvanera, Patricia ; Bastian, Meredith L. ; Bastin, Jean-François ; Bellingham, Peter ; van den Berg, Eduardo ; da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna ; Boeckx, Pascal ; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin ; Bongers, Frans ; Boyle, Brad ; Brambach, Fabian ; Brearley, Francis Q. ; Brown, Sandra ; Chai, Shauna-Lee ; Chazdon, Robin L. ; Chen, Shengbin ; Chhang, Phourin ; Chuyong, George ; Ewangog, Corneille ; Coronado, Indiana ; Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi ; Culmsee, Heike ; Damas, Kipiro ; Dattaraja, Handanakere Shivaramaiah ; Davidar, Priya ; DeWalt, Saara J. ; Din, Hazimah ; Drake, Donald R. ; Duque, Alvaro ; Durigan, Giselda ; Eichhorn, Karl ; Schmidt Eler, Eduardo ; Enoki, Tsutomu ; Ensslin, Andreas ; Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain ; Farwig, Nina ; Feeley, Kenneth J. ; Fischer, Markus ; Forshed, Olle ; Garcia, Queila Souza ; Garkoti, Satish Chandra ; Gillespie, Thomas William ; Gillet, Jean-Francois ; Gonmadje, Christelle ; Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo ; Griffith, Daniel M. ; Grogan, James ; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman ; Harris, David J. ; Harrison, Rhett D. ; Hector, Andy ; Hemp, Andreas ; Homeier, Jürgen ; Hussain, M. Shah ; Ibarra Manríquez, Guillermo ; Hanum, I. Faridah ; Imai, Nobuo ; Jansen, Patrick A. ; Joly, Carlos Alfredo ; Joseph, Shijo ; Kartawinata, Kuswata ; Kearsley, Elizabeth ; Kelly, Daniel L. ; Kessler, Michael ; Killeen, Timothy J. ; Kooyman, Robert ; Laumonier, Yves ; Laurance, Susan G. ; Laurance, William F. ; Lawes, Michael J. ; Letcher, Susan G. ; Lindsell, Jeremy ; Lovett, Jon ; Lozada, Jose ; Lu, Xinghui ; Lykke, Anne Mette ; Bin Mahmud, Khairil ; Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana ; Mansor, Asyraf ; Marshall, Andrew R. ; Martin, Emanuel H. ; Leal Matos, Darley Calderado ; Meave, Jorge A. ; Melo, Felipe P. L. ; Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre ; Metali, Faizah ; Medjibe, Vincent P. ; Metzger, Jean Paul ; Metzker, Thiago ; Mohandass, Dharmalingam ; Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A. ; Muñoz, Rodrigo ; Nurtjahy, Eddy ; Lenza de Oliveira, Eddie ; Onrizal, Onrizal ; Parolin, Pia ; Parren, Marc ; Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy ; Paudel, Ekananda ; Perez, Rolando ; Pérez-García, Eduardo A. ; Pommer, Ulf ; Poorter, Lourens ; Qi, Lan ; F. Piedade, Maria Teresa ; Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto ; Dalberg Poulsen, Axel ; Poulsen, John R. ; Powers, Jennifer S. ; Prasad, Rama Chandra ; Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe ; Rangel, Orlando ; Reitsma, Jan ; S. B. Rocha, Diogo ; Rolim, Samir ; Rovero, Francesco ; Rozak, Andes ; Ruokolainen, Kalle ; Rutishauser, Ervan ; Rutten, Gemma ; Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam ; Saiter, Felipe Z. ; Saner, Philippe ; Santos, Braulio ; dos Santos, João Roberto ; Sarker, Swapan Kumar ; Schmitt, Christine B. ; Schöngart, Jochen ; Schulze, Mark ; Sheil, Douglas ; Sist, Plinio ; Souza, Alexandre F. ; Spironello, Wilson Roberto ; Sposito, Tereza ; Steinmetz, Robert ; Stevart, Tariq ; Suganuma, Marcio Seiji ; Sukri, Rahayu ; Sultana, Aisha ; Sukumar, Raman ; Sunderland, Terry ; Supriyadi, Agus ; Suresh, Hebbalalu S. ; Suzuki, Eizi ; Tabarelli, Marcelo ; Tang, Jianwei ; Tanner, Edmund V. J. ; Targhetta, Natalia ; Theilade, Ida ; Thomas, Duncan ; Timberlake, Jonathan ; de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio ; Valkenburg, Johan van ; Do, Tran Van ; Sam, Hoang Van ; Vandermeer, John H. ; Verbeeck, Hans ; Vetaas, Ole Reidar ; Adekunle, Victor ; Vieira, Simone A. ; Webb, Campbell O. ; Webb, Edward L. ; Whitfeld, Timothy ; Wich, Serge ; Williams, John ; Wiser, Susan ; Wittmann, Florian ; Yang, Xiaobo ; Adou Yao, C. Yves ; Yap, Sandra L. ; Zahawie, Rakan A. ; Zakaria, Rahmad ; Zang, Runguo
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.
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