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This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulation results for future measurements of the moduli of time-like proton electromagnetic form factors, |GE | and |GM|, using the ¯pp → μ+μ− reaction at PANDA (FAIR). The electromagnetic form factors are fundamental quantities parameterizing the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons. This work estimates the statistical and total accuracy with which the form factors can be measured at PANDA, using an analysis of simulated data within the PandaRoot software framework. The most crucial background channel is ¯pp → π+π−,due to the very similar behavior of muons and pions in the detector. The suppression factors are evaluated for this and all other relevant background channels at different values of antiproton beam momentum. The signal/background separation is based on a multivariate analysis, using the Boosted Decision Trees method. An expected background subtraction is included in this study, based on realistic angular distribuations of the background contribution. Systematic uncertainties are considered and the relative total uncertainties of the form factor measurements are presented.
Staphylococcus aureus proteins Sbi and Efb recruit human plasmin to degrade complement C3 and C3b
(2012)
Upon host infection, the human pathogenic microbe Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) immediately faces innate immune reactions such as the activated complement system. Here, a novel innate immune evasion strategy of S. aureus is described. The staphylococcal proteins surface immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) and extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) bind C3/C3b simultaneously with plasminogen. Bound plasminogen is converted by bacterial activator staphylokinase or by host-specific urokinase-type plasminogen activator to plasmin, which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b, an effect which is explained by a conformational change in C3/C3b induced by Sbi and Efb. Furthermore, bound plasmin also degrades C3a, which exerts anaphylatoxic and antimicrobial activities. Thus, S. aureus Sbi and Efb comprise platforms to recruit plasmin(ogen) together with C3 and its activation product C3b for efficient degradation of these complement components in the local microbial environment and to protect S. aureus from host innate immune reactions.
Background: The inclusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in therapeutic algorithms has led to significant survival benefits in patients with various metastatic cancers. Concurrently, an increasing number of neurological immune related adverse events (IRAE) has been observed. In this retrospective analysis, we examine the ICI-induced incidence of cerebral pseudoprogression and propose a classification system.
Methods: We screened our hospital information system to identify patients with any in-house ICI treatment for any tumor disease during the years 2007-2019. All patients with cerebral MR imaging (cMRI) of sufficient diagnostic quality were included. cMRIs were retrospectively analyzed according to immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology (iRANO) criteria.
Results: We identified 12 cases of cerebral pseudoprogression in 123 patients treated with ICIs and sufficient MRI. These patients were receiving ICI therapy for lung cancer (n=5), malignant melanoma (n=4), glioblastoma (n=1), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=1) or lymphoma (n=1) when cerebral pseudoprogression was detected. Median time from the start of ICI treatment to pseudoprogression was 5 months. All but one patient developed neurological symptoms. Three different patterns of cerebral pseudoprogression could be distinguished: new or increasing contrast-enhancing lesions, new or increasing T2 predominant lesions and cerebral vasculitis type pattern.
Conclusion: Cerebral pseudoprogression followed three distinct patterns and was detectable in 3.2% of all patients during ICI treatment and in 9.75% of the patients with sufficient brain imaging follow up. The fact that all but one of the affected patients developed neurological symptoms, which would be classified as progressive disease according to iRANO criteria, mandates vigilance in the diagnosis and treatment of ICI-induced cerebral lesions.
Plants, fungi and algae are important components of global biodiversity and are fundamental to all ecosystems. They are the basis for human well-being, providing food, materials and medicines. Specimens of all three groups of organisms are accommodated in herbaria, where they are commonly referred to as botanical specimens.The large number of specimens in herbaria provides an ample, permanent and continuously improving knowledge base on these organisms and an indispensable source for the analysis of the distribution of species in space and time critical for current and future research relating to global biodiversity. In order to make full use of this resource, a research infrastructure has to be built that grants comprehensive and free access to the information in herbaria and botanical collections in general. This can be achieved through digitization of the botanical objects and associated data.The botanical research community can count on a long-standing tradition of collaboration among institutions and individuals. It agreed on data standards and standard services even before the advent of computerization and information networking, an example being the Index Herbariorum as a global registry of herbaria helping towards the unique identification of specimens cited in the literature.In the spirit of this collaborative history, 51 representatives from 30 institutions advocate to start the digitization of botanical collections with the overall wall-to-wall digitization of the flat objects stored in German herbaria. Germany has 70 herbaria holding almost 23 million specimens according to a national survey carried out in 2019. 87% of these specimens are not yet digitized. Experiences from other countries like France, the Netherlands, Finland, the US and Australia show that herbaria can be comprehensively and cost-efficiently digitized in a relatively short time due to established workflows and protocols for the high-throughput digitization of flat objects.Most of the herbaria are part of a university (34), fewer belong to municipal museums (10) or state museums (8), six herbaria belong to institutions also supported by federal funds such as Leibniz institutes, and four belong to non-governmental organizations. A common data infrastructure must therefore integrate different kinds of institutions.Making full use of the data gained by digitization requires the set-up of a digital infrastructure for storage, archiving, content indexing and networking as well as standardized access for the scientific use of digital objects. A standards-based portfolio of technical components has already been developed and successfully tested by the Biodiversity Informatics Community over the last two decades, comprising among others access protocols, collection databases, portals, tools for semantic enrichment and annotation, international networking, storage and archiving in accordance with international standards. This was achieved through the funding by national and international programs and initiatives, which also paved the road for the German contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).Herbaria constitute a large part of the German botanical collections that also comprise living collections in botanical gardens and seed banks, DNA- and tissue samples, specimens preserved in fluids or on microscope slides and more. Once the herbaria are digitized, these resources can be integrated, adding to the value of the overall research infrastructure. The community has agreed on tasks that are shared between the herbaria, as the German GBIF model already successfully demonstrates.We have compiled nine scientific use cases of immediate societal relevance for an integrated infrastructure of botanical collections. They address accelerated biodiversity discovery and research, biomonitoring and conservation planning, biodiversity modelling, the generation of trait information, automated image recognition by artificial intelligence, automated pathogen detection, contextualization by interlinking objects, enabling provenance research, as well as education, outreach and citizen science.We propose to start this initiative now in order to valorize German botanical collections as a vital part of a worldwide biodiversity data pool.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein durch Zellschrumpfung aktivierter nichtselektiver Kationenkanal, der in der M1 Sammelrohrzellinie der Maus bereits früher beobachtet worden war [Volk et al., 1995], hinsichtlich seiner Selektivität, seines Inhibitorspektrums und seines Aktivierungsmechanismus mittels der Patch ClampTechnik näher charakterisiert, und es wurde geprüft, ob dieser oder ein ähnlicher Kanal auch von anderen Zellinien exprimiert wird, wobei außer epithelialen Zellinien (HT 29 , BSC1) auch solche aus Muskel (A10) und Ner vengewebe (Neuro2a) untersucht wurden. Zellschrumpfung in symmetrischer NaClLösung mit Zusatz von 100 mM Saccharose im Bad stimulierte einen von Kationen getragenen Einwärtsstrom. Während der initialen Phase der Aktivierung durch extrazelluläre Hyperosmolarität konnten Schaltvorgänge von Einzelka nälen beobachtet werden. Die Einzelkanalleitfähigkeit in den verschiedenen Zellinien betrug 15 bis 27 pS. Der Strom stieg nach wenigen Minuten um das 30 bis 60fache an. Austausch des extrazellulären Natriums durch das schlecht permeierende NMDG führte zum kompletten Sistieren des Einwärtsstroms. Die Aktivierung des nichtselektiven Kationenstroms war unab hängig von der absoluten Osmolarität der Badlösung. Sie wurde ausschließlich durch osmo tisch bedingte Volumenabnahme (Schrumpfung) der Zellen hervorgerufen, wobei die Zell schrumpfung der Aktivierung des Stroms geringgradig vorauseilte. Die Aktivierung durch Zellschrumpfung war reversibel und konnte mit dem gleichen Zeitverlauf und mit der glei chen Leitfähigkeitszunahme auch zweimal hintereinander ausgelöst werden. Die stimulierte Kationenleitfähigkeit war hochselektiv für Kationen über Anionen, aber nichtselektiv für die monovalenten Kationen NH 4 , Natrium, Kalium und Lithium (Leitfähig keitssequenz NH 4 > Na > K > Li ). Für divalente Kationen wie Kalzium und Barium war keine Leitfähigkeit meßbar. Flufenaminsäure (100 µM) hemmte den stimulierten Einwärts strom um mehr als 80 %, Diphenylamin2Carboxylsäure (DPC) und sein Derivat Dichlor DPC (DCDPC) hatten einen etwas geringeren Hemmeffekt. Noch schwächer hemmte LOE 908. Amilorid, Quecksilber und Bumetanid hatten praktisch keine Hemmwirkung auf den stimulierten Einwärtsstrom. Maitotoxin, ein Aktivator mancher nichtselektiver Kationenka näle, hatte unter isoomotischen Bedingungen keine stimulatorische Wirkung auf den Strom. Im Gegensatz zum Ca 2 aktivierten nichtselektiven Kationenkanal, der in exzidierten Membranflecken beobachtet wird, war die Aktivierung des schrumpfungsinduzierten nicht selektiven Kationenkanals unabhängig von der zytoplasmatischen Ca 2 Konzentration. Das Ausmaß der Stimulation war allerdings vermindert, wenn die Pipettenlösung hohe Konzen trationen von Kalziumchelatoren (10 mM EGTA oder 10 mM BAPTA) enthielt. Dagegen hemmte Magnesiumentzug die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung fast vollständig. ATP in Kon zentrationen bis 10 mM in der Pipettenlösung konnte die Aktivierung des Einwärtsstroms nicht verhindern, nur reduzieren. Dagegen unterdrückte ATPVerarmung der Zellen (durch Inkubation mit Rotenon und 2Deoxyglukose) die Antwort auf Zellschrumpfung völlig. Auch durch Zusatz von 1 mM ATP zur Pipettenlösung konnte die Antwort in ATPverarmten Zel len nicht wiedergewonnen werden, obwohl die Zellen nach Auswaschen der Stoffwechsel gifte wieder normal reagierten. Die Proteinkinasehemmstoffe Staurosporin und Calphostin C (beide in der Konzentration von 1 µM) konnten die Antwort unterdrücken. Einige auf das Zytoskelett wirksame Substanzen (Cytochalasin D und Taxol) hatten ebenfalls hemmende Wirkungen. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, daß der schrumpfungsaktivierte nichtselekti ve Kationenkanal offenbar ubiquitär exprimiert wird. Der Aktivierungsmechanismus ist kom plex und abhängig von intrazellulärem ATP und Magnesium. Vermutlich sind Proteinkinasen und Zytoskelettelemente an der Kanalaktivierung beteiligt. Der Kanal dürfte im Rahmen der Zellvolumenregulation von Bedeutung sein und spielt möglicherweise eine Rolle für Zellpro liferation und Apoptose.
Reconsiderando a tripartição coseriana do linguístico (em um nível universal, do falar em geral; um histórico, das línguas particulares; um individual, dos discursos produzidos em situações específicas), o romanista alemão Peter Koch propõe o acréscimo, no nível histórico, duma historicidade dos textos ou das tradições discursivas, constituindo regras distintas das regras da língua. Neste estudo programático de 1997, publicado na série "ScriptOralia" da editora Narr (Tübingen, Alemanha), o autor define o conceito de tradição discursiva; delimita seu campo teórico, postulando quatro campos linguísticos, referentemente, a atividade do falar (universal), as línguas particulares (histórico), as regras do discurso ou tradições discursivas (histórico) e o discurso (individual); discute ainda suas implicações para as fronteiras entre Linguística Textual e Linguística Variacional, universais da comunicação e gêneros textuais e intertextualidade e interdiscursividade; ademais, apresenta seu proveito para a Literatura e Linguística, os estudos de oralidade e história da língua. Por fim, descreve a dinâmica de sua formação e transformação pelos processos de diferenciação, mistura, convergência e desaparecimento. O objetivo da presente tradução é tornar acessível ao público brasileiro esta obra de referência sobre a noção de tradição discursiva, que exerce decisiva influência tanto na Romanística alemã quanto em recentes pesquisas históricas do Português Brasileiro.
THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY HAS EXPERIENCED A CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION IN SERVICE DELIVERY DUE TO DIGITALIZATION. THIS CHANGE MANIFESTS ITSELF IN EXPANDED CONNECTIVITY, ENHANCED SPEED OF INFORMATION PROCESSING, A MULTITUDE OF NEW FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, AND NOVEL FORMS OF CUSTOMER INTERACTION. AGAINST THIS BACKDROP, ACADEMIC RESEARCH HAS ANALYZED THE IMPACT OF DIGITALPROGRESS IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW ON THIS RESEARCH AND TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE GAPS, WE HAVE REVIEWED THE RELEVANT LITERATURE IN THIS FIELD APPLYING A SYSTEMATIC AND COMPREHENSIVE SEARCH.
With the rise of the knowledge for development paradigm, expert advice has become a prime instrument of foreign aid. At the same time, it has been object of repeated criticism: the chronic failure of technical assistance a notion under which advice is commonly subsumed has been documented in a host of studies. Nonetheless, international organisations continue to send advisors, promising to increase the effectiveness of expert support if their technocratic recommendations are taken up. This book reveals fundamental problems of expert advice in the context of aid that concern issues of power and legitimacy rather than merely flaws of implementation. Based on empirical evidence from South Africa and Tanzania, the authors show that aid-related advisory processes are inevitably obstructed by colliding interests, political pressures and hierarchical relations that impede knowledge transfer and mutual learning. As a result, recipient governments find themselves caught in a perpetual cycle of dependency, continuously advised by experts who convey the shifting paradigms and agendas of their respective donor governments. For young democracies, the persistent presence of external actors is hazardous: ultimately, it poses a threat to the legitimacy of their governments if their policy-making becomes more responsive to foreign demands than to the preferences and needs of their citizens.
Background: Numerous cases of swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) bridged by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy have been reported; however, complication rates are high. We present our experience with H1N1-associated ARDS and successful bridging of lung function using superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation (SHFJV) in combination with continuous positive airway pressure/assisted spontaneous breathing (CPAP/ASB).
Methods: We admitted five patients with H1N1 infection and ARDS to our intensive care unit. Although all patients required pure oxygen and controlled ventilation, oxygenation was insufficient. We applied SHFJV/CPAP/ASB to improve oxygenation.
Results: Initial PaO2/FiO2 ratio prior SHFJV was 58-79 mmHg. In all patients, successful oxygenation was achieved by SHFJV (PaO2/FiO2 ratio 105-306 mmHg within 24 h). Spontaneous breathing was set during first hours after admission. SHFJV could be stopped after 39, 40, 72, 100, or 240 h. Concomitant pulmonary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was observed in all patients. Two patients were successfully discharged. The other three patients relapsed and died within 7 weeks mainly due to combined HSV infection and in two cases reoccurring H1N1 infection.
Conclusions: SHFJV represents an alternative to bridge lung function successfully and improve oxygenation in the critically ill.
It is investigated whether canonical suppression associated with the exact conservation of an U(1)-charge can be reproduced correctly by current transport models. Therefore a pion-gas having a volume-limited cross section for kaon production and annihilation is simulated within two different transport prescriptions for realizing the inelastic collisions. It is found that both models can indeed dynamically account for the canonical suppression in the yields of rare strange particles.