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Non-standard errors
(2021)
In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams test six hypotheses on the same sample. We find that non-standard errors are sizeable, on par with standard errors. Their size (i) co-varies only weakly with team merits, reproducibility, or peer rating, (ii) declines significantly after peer-feedback, and (iii) is underestimated by participants.
Consensus on definition and severity grading of lymphatic complications after kidney transplantation
(2020)
Background: The incidence of lymphatic complications after kidney transplantation varies considerably in the literature. This is partly because a universally accepted definition has not been established. This study aimed to propose an acceptable definition and severity grading system for lymphatic complications based on their management strategy.
Methods: Relevant literature published in MEDLINE and Web of Science was searched systematically. A consensus for definition and a severity grading was then sought between 20 high-volume transplant centres.
Results: Lymphorrhoea/lymphocele was defined in 32 of 87 included studies. Sixty-three articles explained how lymphatic complications were managed, but none graded their severity. The proposed definition of lymphorrhoea was leakage of more than 50 ml fluid (not urine, blood or pus) per day from the drain, or the drain site after removal of the drain, for more than 1 week after kidney transplantation. The proposed definition of lymphocele was a fluid collection of any size near to the transplanted kidney, after urinoma, haematoma and abscess have been excluded. Grade A lymphatic complications have a minor and/or non-invasive impact on the clinical management of the patient; grade B complications require non-surgical intervention; and grade C complications require invasive surgical intervention.
Conclusion: A clear definition and severity grading for lymphatic complications after kidney transplantation was agreed. The proposed definitions should allow better comparisons between studies.
L'attitude paradoxale de Spitteler face à la culture littéraire qui est devenue, sous le terme de "Bildung", un marqueur identitaire propre à bourgeoisie allemande, se manifeste particulièrement dans ses travaux de journaliste. Dans ses "feuilletons" littéraires, il promet non sans ironie de ne jamais recourir à des citations, ces pierres précieuses qui ornent les discours de l'époque. Toutefois, ses polémiques présupposent bien d'autre formes de références littéraires auprès de ses lecteurs. Un exemple en est l'engagement de Spitteler lors des commémorations du centenaire de la mort de Schiller en 1905: Il prête sa voix à une statue de Schiller pour attaquer de front le culte contemporain de l'écrivain. La critique de la récupération de la tradition classique est ainsi convertie en créativité nouvelle, et elle devient une pierre angulaire de la collection "Lachende Wahrheiten" avec laquelle le journaliste Spitteler annonce ses propres ambitions littéraires.