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Institute
At the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, atomic nuclei are collided at ultra-relativistic energies. Many final-state particles are produced in each collision and their properties are measured by the ALICE detector. The detector signals induced by the produced particles are digitized leading to data rates that are in excess of 48 GB/s. The ALICE High Level Trigger (HLT) system pioneered the use of FPGA- and GPU-based algorithms to reconstruct charged-particle trajectories and reduce the data size in real time. The results of the reconstruction of the collision events, available online, are used for high level data quality and detector-performance monitoring and real-time time-dependent detector calibration. The online data compression techniques developed and used in the ALICE HLT have more than quadrupled the amount of data that can be stored for offline event processing.
At the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, atomic nuclei are collided at ultra-relativistic energies. Many final-state particles are produced in each collision and their properties are measured by the ALICE detector. The detector signals induced by the produced particles are digitized leading to data rates that are in excess of 48 GB/s. The ALICE High Level Trigger (HLT) system pioneered the use of FPGA- and GPU-based algorithms to reconstruct charged-particle trajectories and reduce the data size in real time. The results of the reconstruction of the collision events, available online, are used for high level data quality and detector-performance monitoring and real-time time-dependent detector calibration. The online data compression techniques developed and used in the ALICE HLT have more than quadrupled the amount of data that can be stored for offline event processing.
Event-shape engineering for the D-meson elliptic flow in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02
(2019)
The production yield of prompt D mesons and their elliptic flow coefficient v2 were measured with the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique applied to mid-central (10-30% and 30-50% centrality classes) Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The ESE technique allows the classification of events, belonging to the same centrality, according to the azimuthal anisotropy of soft particle production in the collision. The reported measurements give the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and provide information on their participation in the collective expansion of the medium. D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at mid-rapidity, |η|<0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1<pT<24 GeV/c. The v2 coefficient is found to be sensitive to the event-shape selection confirming a correlation between the D-meson azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter, while the per-event D-meson yields do not show any significant modification within the current uncertainties.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the common pT interval covered by the measurements in the two collision system. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
The transverse structure of jets was studied via jet fragmentation transverse momentum (jT) distributions, obtained using two-particle correlations in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions, measured with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The highest transverse momentum particle in each event is used as the trigger particle and the region 3<pTt<15 GeV/c is explored in this study. The measured distributions show a clear narrow Gaussian component and a wide non-Gaussian one. Based on Pythia simulations, the narrow component can be related to non-perturbative hadronization and the wide component to quantum chromodynamical splitting. The width of the narrow component shows a weak dependence on the transverse momentum of the trigger particle, in agreement with the expectation of universality of the hadronization process. On the other hand, the width of the wide component shows a rising trend suggesting increased branching for higher transverse momentum. The results obtained in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV are compatible within uncertainties and hence no significant cold nuclear matter effects are observed. The results are compared to previous measurements from CCOR and PHENIX as well as to Pythia 8 and Herwig 7 simulations.
Event-shape engineering for the D-meson elliptic flow in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02
(2018)
The production yield of prompt D mesons and their elliptic flow coefficient v2 were measured with the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique applied to mid-central (10-30% and 30-50% centrality classes) Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The ESE technique allows the classification of events, belonging to the same centrality, according to the azimuthal anisotropy of soft particle production in the collision. The reported measurements give the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and provide information on their participation in the collective expansion of the medium. D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at mid-rapidity, |η|<0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1<pT<24 GeV/c. The v2 coefficient is found to be sensitive to the event-shape selection confirming a correlation between the D-meson azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter, while the per-event D-meson yields do not show any significant modification within the current uncertainties.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
The transverse structure of jets was studied via jet fragmentation transverse momentum (jT) distributions, obtained using two-particle correlations in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions, measured with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The highest transverse momentum particle in each event is used as the trigger particle and the region 3<pTt<15 GeV/c is explored in this study. The measured distributions show a clear narrow Gaussian component and a wide non-Gaussian one. Based on Pythia simulations, the narrow component can be related to non-perturbative hadronization and the wide component to quantum chromodynamical splitting. The width of the narrow component shows a weak dependence on the transverse momentum of the trigger particle, in agreement with the expectation of universality of the hadronization process. On the other hand, the width of the wide component shows a rising trend suggesting increased branching for higher transverse momentum. The results obtained in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV are compatible within uncertainties and hence no significant cold nuclear matter effects are observed. The results are compared to previous measurements from CCOR and PHENIX as well as to Pythia 8 and Herwig 7 simulations.
Charged-particle pseudorapidity density at mid-rapidity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV
(2019)
The pseudorapidity density of charged particles, dNch/dη, in p-Pb collisions has been measured at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 8.16 TeV at mid-pseudorapidity for non-single-diffractive events. The results cover 3.6 units of pseudorapidity, |η|<1.8. The dNch/dη value is 19.1±0.7 at |η|<0.5. This quantity divided by ⟨Npart⟩/2, is 4.73±0.20, which is 9.5% higher than the corresponding value for p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV. Measurements are compared with models based on different mechanisms for particle production. All models agree within uncertainties with data in the Pb-going side, while HIJING overestimates, showing a symmetric behaviour, and EPOS underestimates the p-going side of the dNch/dη distribution. Saturation-based models reproduce the distributions well for η>−1.3. The dNch/dη is also measured for different centrality estimators, based both on the charged-particle multiplicity and on the energy deposited in the Zero-Degree Calorimeters. A study of the implications of the large multiplicity fluctuations due to the small number of participants for systems like p-Pb in the centrality calculation for multiplicity-based estimators is discussed, demonstrating the advantages of determining the centrality with energy deposited near beam rapidity.
In this letter, the production of deuterons and anti-deuterons in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Production yields are measured at mid-rapidity in five multiplicity classes and as a function of the deuteron transverse momentum (pT). The measurements are discussed in the context of hadron-coalescence models. The coalescence parameter \btwo, extracted from the measured spectra of (anti-)deuterons and primary (anti-)protons, exhibits no significant pT-dependence for pT<3 GeV/c, in agreement with the expectations of a simple coalescence picture. At fixed transverse momentum per nucleon, the B2 parameter is found to decrease smoothly from low multiplicity pp Pb-Pb collisions, in qualitative agreement with more elaborate coalescence models. The measured mean transverse momentum of (anti-)deuterons in pp is not reproduced by the Blast-Wave model calculations that simultaneously describe pion, kaon and proton spectra, in contrast to central Pb-Pb collisions. The ratio between the pT-integrated yield of deuterons to protons, d/p, is found to increase with the charged-particle multiplicity, as observed in inelastic pp collisions at different centre-of-mass energies. The d/p ratios are reported in a wide range, from the lowest to the highest multiplicity values measured in pp collisions at the LHC.