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The highly infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 poses a severe threat to humanity and demands the redirection of scientific efforts and criteria to organized research projects. The international COVID19-NMR consortium seeks to provide such new approaches by gathering scientific expertise worldwide. In particular, making available viral proteins and RNAs will pave the way to understanding the SARS-CoV-2 molecular components in detail. The research in COVID19-NMR and the resources provided through the consortium are fully disclosed to accelerate access and exploitation. NMR investigations of the viral molecular components are designated to provide the essential basis for further work, including macromolecular interaction studies and high-throughput drug screening. Here, we present the extensive catalog of a holistic SARS-CoV-2 protein preparation approach based on the consortium’s collective efforts. We provide protocols for the large-scale production of more than 80% of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins or essential parts of them. Several of the proteins were produced in more than one laboratory, demonstrating the high interoperability between NMR groups worldwide. For the majority of proteins, we can produce isotope-labeled samples of HSQC-grade. Together with several NMR chemical shift assignments made publicly available on covid19-nmr.com, we here provide highly valuable resources for the production of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in isotope-labeled form.
Das bakterielle Transfusionsrisiko stellt eine große Herausforderung in der Transfusionsmedizin dar, bei dem aufgrund der Lagerungstemperatur vor allem die Thrombozytenkonzentrate, aber auch Erythrozytenkonzentrate betroffen sind. In Deutschland wurde als Maßnahme zur Reduzierung des Risikos die Haltbarkeit der Thrombozytenkonzentrate von 5 Tagen auf 4 Tage verkürzt. Neben bakteriellen Kulturmethoden sind in den letzten Jahren auch Schnellnachweismethoden entwickelt worden. Die Einführung von Realtime-PCR Methoden hat besonders bei viralen transfusionsmedizinisch relevanten Pathogenen zu einer signifikanten Reduktion des Restinfektionsrisikos geführt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Optimierung einer generischen Bakterien PCR aus Thrombozytenkonzentraten und aus Vollblut sowie eine Anwendungsstudie des entwickelten Nachweisverfahrens aus Vollblutproben.
Im ersten Teil, in dem die Entwicklung und Optimierung der Bakterien-PCR im Vordergrund stand, wurden sieben unterschiedliche Extraktionsverfahren synoptisch miteinander verglichen. Eine Hauptherausforderung bestand darin, dass einzelne PCR-Reagenzien und auch Verbrauchsartikel mit bakteriellen ribosomalen Nukleinsäuren kontaminiert waren und somit reaktive Signale sowohl in Negativkontrollen als auch in Wasserkontrollen detektiert wurden. Letztendlich erwies sich eine Extraktion aus Vollblutproben in Kombination mit einer SYBR Green 16S-PCR als zuverlässig, um Bakterien in Vollblut nachzuweisen. Die entwickelte PCR wurde anschließend in drei Phasen überprüft. Bei einer Untersuchung in unterschiedlichen Poolgrößen ergibt sich die höchste Sensitivität in einer Einzelprobenanalyse, eine Poolgröße von maximal 5 Proben pro Pool ergab akzeptable Nachweisgrenzen. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass es gerade bei Raumtemperatur (21° C) zunächst zu einer Reduktion der Bakterienkonzentration durch leukozytäre Phagozytose kommt, bevor anschließend ein sigmoidales Wachstum einsetzt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt somit eine mögliche Alternative zu vorhandenen Kulturmethoden dar und hat den Vorteil, dass die Ergebnisse eine Relevanz für alle Blutkomponenten haben. Dies bietet somit die Option, die Sicherheit der Blutprodukte weiter zu erhöhen.
Children with reading and/or spelling disorders have increased rates of behavioral and emotional problems and combinations of these. Some studies also find increased rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, anxiety disorder, and depression. However, the comorbidities of, e.g., arithmetic disorders with ADHD, anxiety disorder, and depression have been addressed only rarely. The current study explored the probability of children with specific learning disorders (SLD) in reading, spelling, and/or arithmetic to also have anxiety disorder, depression, ADHD, and/or conduct disorder. The sample consisted of 3,014 German children from grades 3 and 4 (mean age 9;9 years) who completed tests assessing reading, spelling as well as arithmetic achievement and intelligence via a web-based application. Psychopathology was assessed using questionnaires filled in by the parents. In children with a SLD we found high rates of anxiety disorder (21%), depression (28%), ADHD (28%), and conduct disorder (22%). Children with SLD in multiple learning domains had a higher risk for psychopathology and had a broader spectrum of psychopathology than children with an isolated SLD. The results highlight the importance of screening for and diagnosing psychiatric comorbidities in children with SLD.
The multifunctional molecule netrin-1 is upregulated in various malignancies and has recently been presented as a major general player in tumorigenesis leading to tumor progression and maintenance in various animal models. However, there is still a lack of clinico-epidemiological data related to netrin-1 expression. Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the association of netrin-1 expression and patient survival in brain metastases since those constitute one of the most limiting factors for patient prognosis. We investigated 104 brain metastases cases for netrin-1 expression using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with regard to clinical parameters such as patient survival and MRI data. Our data show that netrin-1 is strongly upregulated in most cancer subtypes. Univariate analyses revealed netrin-1 expression as a significant factor associated with poor patient survival in the total cohort of brain metastasis patients and in sub-entities such as non-small cell lung carcinomas. Interestingly, many cancer samples showed a strong nuclear netrin-1 signal which was recently linked to a truncated netrin-1 variant that enhances tumor growth. Nuclear netrin-1 expression was associated with poor patient survival in univariate as well as in multivariate analyses. Our data indicate both total and nuclear netrin-1 expression as prognostic factors in brain metastases patients in contrast to other prognostic markers in oncology such as patient age, number of brain metastases or Ki67 proliferation index. Therefore, nuclear netrin-1 expression constitutes one of the first reported molecular biomarkers for patient survival in brain metastases. Furthermore, netrin-1 may constitute a promising target for future anti-cancer treatment approaches in brain metastases.