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Die Entwicklung neuer und die Adaption bestehender Methoden ist weiterhin eine der vordringlichsten Aufgaben der Forschung zur Bekämpfung der tödlichen Infektion mit dem HI-Virus. So wurde im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die Methode der Generierung MHC-unabhängiger Immunantworten gegen Oberflächenproteine, die bereits in der experimentellen Tumortherapie verwendet wird, für die HIV Therapie adaptiert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit war das HIV Hüllprotein Env das Zielmolekül. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit versucht, Erkenntnisse aus der HIV-Forschung für alternative Tumortherapieansätze am Beispiel des kutanen T-Zell Lymphoms zu verwenden. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Verwendung des Hüllproteins Env von HIV als Zielstruktur für die Generierung MHC-unabhängiger Immunantworten gegen HIV-infizierte Zellen. Hierfür wurden CD4, 5-Helix sowie zwei Varianten von DC-SIGN als HIV Env-bindende Liganden als chimäre T Zell-Rezeptoren, zusammen mit Teilen von CD3 und CD28, in humanen Zellen exprimiert. Die Funktionalität der Konstrukte konnte gezeigt werden, ein therapeutischer Effekt in vitro war jedoch nicht nachweisbar. Der zweite Teil untersucht die Verwendung des HIV Hüllproteins als therapeutischem Gen zur Behandlung des kutanen T-Zell Lymphoms. Die Pseudotypisierung von MLV-basierenden Vektoren mit HIV Env ermöglicht das zielzellspezifische Eindringen der Vektoren in humane CD4-positive Zellen. Aus diesen Zellen besteht auch das kutane T Zell Lymphom (CTCL). MLV/HIV pseudotypisierte retrovirale Vektoren, die die 89.6P Variante des HIV Hüllproteins Env als therapeutisches Gen transportieren, wurden generiert und zunächst in vitro getestet. Das Wachstum von CTCL-Zellen konnte durch Zugabe dieser Vektorpartikel verhindert und die Zellzahl unter den Ausgangswert reduziert werden. Die Verwendung im Maus-Experiment zeigte einen vergleichbaren Erfolg wie die Verwendung der Herpes simplex Thymidinkinase, obwohl von syn Env nur etwa ein Viertel der Vektorpartikel appliziert wurde. Ein bystander-Effekt ließ sich damit also nachweisen. Die Verwendung chimärer T-Zell-Rezeptoren für MHC-unabhängige Immunantworten gegen HIV-Reservoirs im Körper ist ein vielversprechender Therapieansatz. Neben der Verwendung HIV Env-bindender zellulärer Proteine könnte das Spektrum möglicher Liganden durch die Verwendung Subtypen-übergreifender, nicht-inhibitorischer Antikörper, erweitert werden. Dies ist möglich, da für die Immunantwort lediglich die Bindung an das Hüllprotein notwendig ist. Zur Erhöhung des therapeutischen Effektes des retroviralen Gentransfers zur Therapie kutaner T-Zell Lymphome eignen sich hoch fusogene virale Hüllproteine, die auf diese Weise einen noch stärkeren bystander-Effekt ermöglichen. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass dieser sehr groß sein muss, solange replikationsinkompetente Vektoren verwendet werden.
Schulz, Martin ; Graefe, Thomas ; Stuby, Klaus ; Andresen, Hilke ; Kupfermann, Nikolai ; Schmoldt, Achim
Introduction: Intoxications with carbachol, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist are rare. We report an interesting case investigating a (near) fatal poisoning. Methods: The son of an 84-year-old male discovered a newspaper report stating clinical success with plant extracts in Alzheimer's disease. The mode of action was said to be comparable to that of the synthetic compound 'carbamylcholin'; that is, carbachol. He bought 25 g of carbachol as pure substance in a pharmacy, and the father was administered 400 to 500 mg. Carbachol concentrations in serum and urine on day 1 and 2 of hospital admission were analysed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Results: Minutes after oral administration, the patient developed nausea, sweating and hypotension, and finally collapsed. Bradycardia, cholinergic symptoms and asystole occurred. Initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation and immediate treatment with adrenaline (epinephrine), atropine and furosemide was successful. On hospital admission, blood pressure of the intubated, bradyarrhythmic patient was 100/65 mmHg. Further signs were hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation, bronchorrhoea, and severe miosis; the electrocardiographic finding was atrio-ventricular dissociation. High doses of atropine (up to 50 mg per 24 hours), adrenaline and dopamine were necessary. The patient was extubated 1 week later. However, increased dyspnoea and bronchospasm necessitated reintubation. Respiratory insufficiency was further worsened by Proteus mirabilis infection and severe bronchoconstriction. One week later, the patient was again extubated and 3 days later was transferred to a peripheral ward. On the next day he died, probably as a result of heart failure. Serum samples from the first and second days contained 3.6 and 1.9 mg/l carbachol, respectively. The corresponding urine concentrations amounted to 374 and 554 mg/l. Conclusion: This case started with a media report in a popular newspaper, initiated by published, peer-reviewed research on herbals, and involved human failure in a case history, medical examination and clinical treatment. For the first time, an analytical method for the determination of carbachol in plasma and urine has been developed. The analysed carbachol concentration exceeded the supposed serum level resulting from a therapeutic dose by a factor of 130 to 260. Especially in old patients, intensivists should consider intoxications (with cholinergics) as a cause of acute cardiovascular failure.
No association between Parkinson disease and autoantibodies against NMDA-type glutamate receptors
(2019)
Hopfner, Franziska ; Müller, Stefanie H. ; Steppat, Dagmar ; Miller, Joanna ; Schmidt, Nele ; Wandinger, Klaus-Peter ; Leypoldt, Frank ; Berg, Daniela ; Franke, Andre ; Lieb, Wolfgang ; Tittmann, Lukas ; Balzer-Geldsetzer, Monika ; Baudrexel, Simon ; Dodel, Richard ; Hilker-Roggendorf, Rüdiger ; Kalbe, Elke ; Kassubek, Jan ; Klockgether, Thomas ; Liepelt-Scarfone, Inga ; Mollenhauer, Brit ; Neuser, Petra ; Reetz, Kathrin ; Riedel, Oliver ; Schulte, Claudia ; Schulz, Jörg B. ; Spottke, Annika ; Storch, Alexander ; Trenkwalder, Claudia ; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich ; Witt, Karsten ; Wüllner, Ullrich ; Deuschl, Günther ; Kuhlenbäumer, Gregor
Background: IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis. Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results. We measured NMDA antibodies in a large, well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment (n = 296) and controls (n = 295) free of neuropsychiatric disease. Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.
Methods: NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays. We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.
Results: The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients (13%) than in controls (22%) and higher than in previous studies in both groups. NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment, nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment. A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.
Conclusion: It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g. to Parkinson disease with dementia, while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.
Medema, Marnix H. ; Kottmann, Renzo ; Yilmaz, Pelin ; Cummings, Matthew ; Biggins, John B. ; Kai, Blin ; de Bruijn, Irene ; Chooi, Yit Heng ; Claesen, Jan ; Coates, R. Cameron ; Cruz-Morales, Pablo ; Duddela, Srikanth ; Düsterhus, Stephanie ; Edwards, Daniel J. ; Fewer, David P. ; Garg, Neha ; Geiger, Christoph ; Gomez-Escribano, Juan Pablo ; Greule, Anja ; Hadjithomas, Michalis ; Haines, Anthony S. ; Helfrich, Eric J. N. ; Hillwig, Matthew L. ; Ishida, Keishi ; Jones, Adam C. ; Jones, Carla S. ; Jungmann, Katrin ; Kegler, Carsten ; Kim, Hyun Uk ; Kötter, Peter ; Krug, Daniel ; Masschelein, Joleen ; Melnik, Alexey V. ; Mantovan, Simone M. ; Monroe, Emily A. ; Moore, Marcus ; Moss, Nathan ; Nützmann, Hans-Wilhelm ; Pan, Guohui ; Pati, Amrita ; Petras, Daniel ; Reen, F. Jerry ; Rosconi, Federico ; Rui, Zhe ; Tian, Zhenhua ; Tobias, Nicholas J. ; Tsunematsu, Yuta ; Wiemann, Philipp ; Wyckoff, Elizabeth ; Yan, Xiaohui ; Yim, Grace ; Yu, Fengan ; Xie, Yunchang ; Aigle, Bertrand ; Apel, Alexander K. ; Balibar, Carl J. ; Balskus, Emily P. ; Barona-Gómez, Francisco ; Bechthold, Andreas ; Bode, Helge Björn ; Borriss, Rainer ; Brady, Sean F. ; Brakhage, Axel A. ; Caffrey, Patrick ; Cheng, Yi-Qiang ; Clardy, Jon ; Cox, Russell J. ; De Mot, René ; Donadio, Stefano ; Donia, Mohamed S. ; van der Donk, Wilfred A. ; Dorrestein, Pieter C. ; Doyle, Sean ; Driessen, Arnold J. M. ; Ehling-Schulz, Monika ; Entian, Karl-Dieter ; Fischbach, Michael A. ; Gerwick, Lena ; Gerwick, William H. ; Gross, Harald ; Gust, Bertolt ; Hertweck, Christian ; Höfte, Monica ; Jensen, Susan E. ; Ju, Jianhua ; Katz, Leonard ; Kaysser, Leonard ; Klassen, Jonathan L. ; Keller, Nancy P. ; Kormanec, Jan ; Kuipers, Oscar P. ; Kuzuyama, Tomohisa ; Kyrpides, Nikos C. ; Kwon, Hyung-Jin ; Lautru, Sylvie ; Lavigne, Rob ; Lee, Chia Y. ; Linquan, Bai ; Liu, Xinyu ; Liu, Wen ; Luzhetskyy, Andriy ; Mahmud, Taifo ; Mast, Yvonne ; Méndez, Carmen ; Metsä-Ketelä, Mikko ; Micklefield, Jason ; Mitchell, Douglas A. ; Moore, Bradley S. ; Moreira, Leonilde M. ; Müller, Rolf ; Neilan, Brett A. ; Nett, Markus ; Nielsen, Jens ; O’Gara, Fergal ; Oikawa, Hideaki ; Osbourn, Anne ; Osburne, Marcia S. ; Ostash, Bohdan ; Payne, Shelley M. ; Pernodet, Jean-Luc ; Petricek, Miroslav ; Piel, Jörn ; Ploux, Olivier ; Raaijmakers, Jos M. ; Salas, José A. ; Schmitt, Esther K. ; Scott, Barry ; Seipke, Ryan F. ; Shen, Ben ; Sherman, David H. ; Sivonen, Kaarina ; Smanski, Michael J. ; Sosio, Margherita ; Stegmann, Evi ; Süssmuth, Roderich D. ; Tahlan, Kapil ; Thomas, Christopher M. ; Tang, Yi ; Truman, Andrew W. ; Viaud, Muriel ; Walton, Jonathan D. ; Walsh, Christopher T. ; Weber, Tilmann ; van Wezel, Gilles P. ; Wilkinson, Barrie ; Willey, Joanne M. ; Wohlleben, Wolfgang ; Wright, Gerard D. ; Ziemert, Nadine ; Zhang, Changsheng ; Zotchev, Sergey B. ; Breitling, Rainer ; Takano, Eriko ; Glöckner, Frank Oliver
A wide variety of enzymatic pathways that produce specialized metabolites in bacteria, fungi and plants are known to be encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters. Information about these clusters, pathways and metabolites is currently dispersed throughout the literature, making it difficult to exploit. To facilitate consistent and systematic deposition and retrieval of data on biosynthetic gene clusters, we propose the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard.
Lal, Dennis ; Ruppert, Ann-Kathrin ; Trucks, Holger ; Schulz, Herbert ; Kovel, Carolien G. de ; Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Dorothée G. ; Sonsma, Anja C. M. ; Koeleman, Bobby P. ; Lindhout, Dick ; Weber, Yvonne G. ; Lerche, Holger ; Kapser, Claudia ; Schankin, Christoph Josef ; Kunz, Wolfram S. ; Surges, Rainer ; Elger, Christian Erich ; Gaus, Verena ; Schmitz, Bettina ; Helbig, Ingo ; Muhle, Hiltrud ; Stephani, Ulrich ; Klein, Karl Martin ; Rosenow, Felix ; Neubauer, Bernd Axel ; Reinthaler, Eva Maria ; Zimprich, Fritz ; Feucht, Martha ; Møller, Rikke S. ; Hjalgrim, Helle ; Jonghe, Peter De ; Suls, Arvid ; Lieb, Wolfgang ; Franke, Andre ; Strauch, Konstantin ; Gieger, Christian ; Schurmann, Claudia ; Schminke, Ulf ; Nürnberg, Peter ; Sander, Thomas
Genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) is the most common form of genetic epilepsy, accounting for 20% of all epilepsies. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) constitute important genetic risk factors of common GGE syndromes. In our present genome-wide burden analysis, large (≥ 400 kb) and rare (< 1%) autosomal microdeletions with high calling confidence (≥ 200 markers) were assessed by the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array in European case-control cohorts of 1,366 GGE patients and 5,234 ancestry-matched controls. We aimed to: 1) assess the microdeletion burden in common GGE syndromes, 2) estimate the relative contribution of recurrent microdeletions at genomic rearrangement hotspots and non-recurrent microdeletions, and 3) identify potential candidate genes for GGE. We found a significant excess of microdeletions in 7.3% of GGE patients compared to 4.0% in controls (P = 1.8 x 10-7; OR = 1.9). Recurrent microdeletions at seven known genomic hotspots accounted for 36.9% of all microdeletions identified in the GGE cohort and showed a 7.5-fold increased burden (P = 2.6 x 10-17) relative to controls. Microdeletions affecting either a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 8.0 x 10-18, OR = 4.6) or an evolutionarily conserved brain-expressed gene related to autism spectrum disorder (P = 1.3 x 10-12, OR = 4.1) were significantly enriched in the GGE patients. Microdeletions found only in GGE patients harboured a high proportion of genes previously associated with epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders (NRXN1, RBFOX1, PCDH7, KCNA2, EPM2A, RORB, PLCB1). Our results demonstrate that the significantly increased burden of large and rare microdeletions in GGE patients is largely confined to recurrent hotspot microdeletions and microdeletions affecting neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting a strong impact of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes in the pathogenesis of common GGE syndromes.