Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (4)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (4)
Keywords
- Beauveria brongniartii (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- EP300 (1)
- EWSR1 (1)
- Engerlinge (1)
- Entomopathogene Pilze (1)
- FOXO1 (1)
- Gene fusion (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Immunogenetics (1)
Institute
- Medizin (3)
Engerlinge, die Larven der Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera), gehören weltweit zu den wichtigsten Bodenschädlingen und ihre Bedeutung scheint zuzunehmen. Wirksame, aber umweltschädigende und gesundheitsgefährdende Insektizide wurden verboten. In gewissen Regionen oder für bestimmte Indikationen waren nie welche bewilligt und im biologischen Anbau standen keine Bekämpfungsmittel zur Verfügung. Aus diesen Gründen wurde die Entwicklung von Mykoinsektiziden gegen Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts forciert. Heute stehen in der Schweiz zwei Produkte zur Verfügung: Ein Produkt basierend auf Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch (Ascomycetes, Clavicipitaceae) zur Bekämpfung der Maikäfer (Melolontha melolontha L.)-Engerlinge und ein anderes basierend auf Metarhizium ansiopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Ascomycetes, Nectriaceae) zur Bekämpfung der Engerlinge des Juni- und des Gartenlaubkäfers [Amphimallon solostiale L., A. majale (Razoum.), Phyllopertha horticola L.]. Ersteres ist seit seiner Markteinführung 1991 zum Mittel der Wahl geworden, rund 2500 ha wurden bis heute damit behandelt (Keller, 2000a, 2004). Die Erfahrungen zeigen, dass besonderes Augenmerk auf die Qualität des Produktes und die Applikation sowie auf den Applikationszeitpunkt gelegt werden muss. Mit genetischen Markern stehen wirksame Hilfsmittel zum Studium der Ausbreitung, der Persistenz und der Nebenwirkungen zur Verfügung (Enkerli et al. 2001). Bei der Anwendung von M. anisopliae bestehen noch wenige Praxiserfahrungen. Das Produkt wurde bisher vorwiegend auf Golfplätzen eingesetzt. Über Langzeitwirkungen, die im Falle der Blastosporenanwendung von B. brongniartii gut dokumentiert sind (Keller, 2004), liegen erst wenige Daten vor. In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrt Engerlingsschäden beobachtet, die durch zwei oder mehr Arten von Engerlingen verursacht werden. Wenn Maikäfer-Engerlinge beteiligt sind, stellt sich das Problem, dass zwei Pilzarten zur Bekämpfung eingesetzt werden müssen. Zur Zeit laufen Untersuchungen in solchen Schadgebieten, die Aufschluss geben werden über die wirksamste Art der Behandlung und über mögliche Interaktionen zwischen den Pilzen. In diesem Beitrag werden die neuesten Untersuchungsergebnisse vorgestellt.
HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genetic diversity modulates response to lithium in bipolar affective disorders
(2021)
Bipolar affective disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness, for which lithium (Li) is the gold standard for acute and maintenance therapies. The therapeutic response to Li in BD is heterogeneous and reliable biomarkers allowing patients stratification are still needed. A GWAS performed by the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) has recently identified genetic markers associated with treatment responses to Li in the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) region. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this association, we have genetically imputed the classical alleles of the HLA region in the European patients of the ConLiGen cohort. We found our best signal for amino-acid variants belonging to the HLA-DRB1*11:01 classical allele, associated with a better response to Li (p < 1 × 10−3; FDR < 0.09 in the recessive model). Alanine or Leucine at position 74 of the HLA-DRB1 heavy chain was associated with a good response while Arginine or Glutamic acid with a poor response. As these variants have been implicated in common inflammatory/autoimmune processes, our findings strongly suggest that HLA-mediated low inflammatory background may contribute to the efficient response to Li in BD patients, while an inflammatory status overriding Li anti-inflammatory properties would favor a weak response.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
Ependymomas encompass a heterogeneous group of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms that occur along the entire neuroaxis. In recent years, extensive (epi-)genomic profiling efforts have identified several molecular groups of ependymoma that are characterized by distinct molecular alterations and/or patterns. Based on unsupervised visualization of a large cohort of genome-wide DNA methylation data, we identified a highly distinct group of pediatric-type tumors (n = 40) forming a cluster separate from all established CNS tumor types, of which a high proportion were histopathologically diagnosed as ependymoma. RNA sequencing revealed recurrent fusions involving the pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (PLAGL1) gene in 19 of 20 of the samples analyzed, with the most common fusion being EWSR1:PLAGL1 (n = 13). Five tumors showed a PLAGL1:FOXO1 fusion and one a PLAGL1:EP300 fusion. High transcript levels of PLAGL1 were noted in these tumors, with concurrent overexpression of the imprinted genes H19 and IGF2, which are regulated by PLAGL1. Histopathological review of cases with sufficient material (n = 16) demonstrated a broad morphological spectrum of tumors with predominant ependymoma-like features. Immunohistochemically, tumors were GFAP positive and OLIG2- and SOX10 negative. In 3/16 of the cases, a dot-like positivity for EMA was detected. All tumors in our series were located in the supratentorial compartment. Median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 6.2 years. Median progression-free survival was 35 months (for 11 patients with data available). In summary, our findings suggest the existence of a novel group of supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors that are characterized by recurrent PLAGL1 fusions and enriched for pediatric patients.