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This policy note summarizes our assessment of financial sanctions against Russia. We see an increase in sanctions severity starting from (1) the widely discussed SWIFT exclusions, followed by (2) blocking of correspondent banking relationships with Russian banks, including the Central Bank, alongside secondary sanctions, and (3) a full blacklisting of the ‘real’ export-import flows underlying the financial transactions. We assess option (1) as being less impactful than often believed yet sending a strong signal of EU unity; option (2) as an effective way to isolate the Russian banking system, particularly if secondary sanctions are in place, to avoid workarounds. Option (3) represents possibly the most effective way to apply economic and financial pressure, interrupting trade relationships.
We measured the Coulomb dissociation of 16O into 4He and 12C at the R3B setup in a first campaign within FAIR Phase 0 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt. The goal was to improve the accuracy of the experimental data for the 12C(α,γ)16O fusion reaction and to reach lower center-ofmass energies than measured so far.
The experiment required beam intensities of 109 16O ions per second at an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon. The rare case of Coulomb breakup into 12C and 4He posed another challenge: The magnetic rigidities of the particles are so close because of the same mass-to-charge-number ratio A/Z = 2 for 16O, 12C and 4He. Hence, radical changes of the R3B setup were necessary. All detectors had slits to allow the passage of the unreacted 16O ions, while 4He and 12C would hit the detectors' active areas depending on the scattering angle and their relative energies. We developed and built detectors based on organic scintillators to track and identify the reaction products with sufficient precision.
Internationale Gerichte sollen Konflikte zwischen Staaten befrieden. Dass es dabei nicht immer nur um das Völkerrecht geht, zeigt der Streit zwischen den USA und dem Iran. Die gegenwärtige US-Regierung lehnt den Internationalen Gerichtshof als politisch gelenkt ab – und schadet sich damit vor allem selbst.
The relationship between past and present has been the subject of controversial debates in historical research time and again. In 2013, to give a prominent example, Philip Alston in a review essay discussed the issue of "Does the past matter?" with regard to a debate on the origins of human rights. The debate was dedicated to the controversial question of "[h]ow far back can we trace the genealogy of today’s international human rights system". In this review, I would like to rephrase this question to ask instead to what degree the present matters for historical writing. Other than in the work of Alston, this is not meant as a question on the contingency and path-dependence of history, but rather as a reflection on how historians describe and evaluate the past and what role knowledge of the present may have in this context. ...
Neuere Geschichten des Völkerrechts zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie das Recht und dessen Wirksamkeit nicht losgelöst von sozialen und historischen Kontexten betrachten. In seinem beeindruckenden Buch "Frieden durch Recht?" über den Friedensschluss nach dem ersten Weltkrieg zeigt Marcus M. Payk (vgl. die Rezension in diesem Band), dass das Recht zwar über eine eigene Form und Logik verfügt, dessen Bindungswirkung aber nicht ohne dessen Kontexte verstanden werden kann. ...
Das Recht nimmt keine zentrale Stellung ein in diesem Band zu "Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33", dies sei gleich zu Beginn dieser Rezension in einer rechtshistorischen Fachzeitschrift angemerkt. Was dieser Band allerdings bietet, sind äußerst vielschichtige und differenzierende Perspektiven auf einen Gegenstand, der in der Rechtsgeschichte bislang nicht nur, aber vor allem auf seine Bedeutung im europäischen Kontext hin erforscht wurde. ...
Jed Kronckes The Futility of Law and Development – China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law ist ein Buch über das rechtliche Sendungsbewusstsein der Vereinigten Staaten vom neunzehnten bis zur Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Jürgen Osterhammel verwendete den Begriff des Sendungsbewusstseins, um den Kern der Zivilisierungsmissionen in dieser Zeit zu beschreiben. Der bestehe in der "Selbstbeauftragung damit, die eigenen Normen und Institutionen an andere heranzutragen oder gar ihre Übernahme mit mehr oder weniger sanftem Druck zu erzwingen". ...
New neutron cross section measurements of minor actinides have been performed recently in order to reduce the uncertainties in the evaluated data, which is important for the design of advanced nuclear reactors and, in particular, for determining their performance in the transmutation of nuclear waste. We have measured the 241Am(n,γ) cross section at the n_TOF facility between 0.2 eV and 10 keV with a BaF2 Total Absorption Calorimeter, and the analysis of the measurement has been recently concluded. Our results are in reasonable agreement below 20 eV with the ones published by C. Lampoudis et al. in 2013, who reported a 22% larger capture cross section up to 110 eV compared to experimental and evaluated data published before. Our results also indicate that the 241Am(n,γ) cross section is underestimated in the present evaluated libraries between 20 eV and 2 keV by 25%, on average, and up to 35% for certain evaluations and energy ranges.
The accuracy on neutron capture cross section of fissile isotopes must be improved for the design of future nuclear systems such as Gen-IV reactors and Accelerator Driven Systems. The High Priority Request List of the Nuclear Energy Agency, which lists the most important nuclear data requirements, includes also the neutron capture cross sections of fissile isotopes such as 233,235U and 239,241Pu. A specific experimental setup has been used at the CERN n_TOF facility for the measurement of the neutron capture cross section of 235U by a set of micromegas fission detectors placed inside a segmented BaF2 Total Absorption Calorimeter.